Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment for included studies by means of the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist
| Study | Was the sample frame appropriate to address the target population? | Were study participants sampled in an appropriate way? | Was the sample size adequate? | Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? | Was the data analysis conducted with sufficient coverage of the identified sample? | Were valid methods used for the identification of the condition? | Was the condition measured in a standard, reliable way for all participants? | Was there appropriate statistical analysis? | Was the response rate adequate, and if not, was the low response rate managed appropriately? | N (%) Total quality score | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morello et al.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | 8 (88.8%) | Low |
| Pelletier et al.11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | 8 (88.8%) | Low |
| Ding et al.12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | 8 (88.8%) | Low |
| Miura et al.18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | 8(88.8%) | Low |
| Mason etal.17 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | 7 (77.8%) | Low |
| Francis et al.20 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | 8 (88.8%) | Low |
| Kitzler et al.19 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | 7 (77.8%) | Low |
| Saeed and Mazloum21 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | 7 (77.8%) | Low |
Evaluation Criteria (yes/ no/ unclear/ NA). NA, not applicable.