Table 2.

Summary of the social presence dimension in previous studies (human–human interactions).

Model dimension	Dimensional explanation	References
Superficial physical presence	It refers to the individual’s discovery and awareness the copresence of another person’s body, which is a physical level, objective presence resulting from the meaning that will inevitably arise from human physical attributes	40
	The conditions for generation are the presence of common environmental factors (copresence with others in space) and mutual recognition between individuals	27,28
	Presence is revealed through interaction or open communication in the environment	42
Presence of mental states	It is the subjective perception of people, including the expression and understanding of emotions, changes in attention distribution, and changes in mental state	44,42,19
	Attentional allocation addresses the amount of attention the user allocates to and receives from an interactant Perceived message understanding is the ability of the user to understand the message being received from the interactant, as well as their perception of the interactant’s level of message understanding	41,29
	Perceived affective understanding is the user’s ability to understand an interactant’s emotional and attitudinal states, as well as their perception of the interactant’s ability to understand the user’s emotional and attitudinal states	26
	Perceived affective interdependence is the extent to which the user’s emotional and attitudinal state affects and is affected by the emotional and attitudinal states of the interactant	27,28
	Refers to the perception of mutual attention, empathy, and mutual understanding between interacting objects Including the judgement of the identity, intention and attention of others, emotional expression and a sense of psychological belonging	33,39
Presence with behavioural involvement and interaction	The degree to which the behaviour produced by an individual influences and is influenced by the behaviour of the interacting object	27,28,44,42
Conscious presence	It is a deep perception brought about by the mutual influence of the actions of both parties in the interaction	29
	Includes behavioural interaction, mutual aid and interdependence	27,28
	It refers to the experience of perceiving and being perceived by others that people feel through interaction	43,44
	Contains symmetric perception corresponding to the individual’s subjective perception, i.e. whether the individual has the same perception of the other individual with respect to the level of awareness of copresence with the other individual and the corresponding individual’s ability to perceive the presence of the interacting object	26–28
	The degree to which the observer believes he/she is not alone and secluded, their level of peripheral or focal awareness of the other, and their sense of the degree to which the other is peripherally or focally aware of them	29