TABLE 2.
In vitro studies of Se-enriched plant foods against human cell lines.
| Se-enriched food | Cell lines | Concentrations | Mechanisms/Pathways | References |
| Kale and kohlrabi sprouts | Human colon cancer cells (SW480, SW620), liver cancer cell (HepG2), uterus (SiHa) cells | 1 mg ml–1 | Inhibit cell growth | (139) |
| Konjac glucomannan | Human lung cancer (A549), breast cancer (HCC1937) cells | 0.15-0.6 μg ml–1 | ↑Mitochondria apoptosis ↑Cleaved caspase-3 and ↑PARP-activated fragments |
(140) |
| Polysaccharide from Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes | Human liver cancer (HepG2) cells | 50-200 μg ml–1 | ↓ROS generation ↓H2O2 induction |
(141) |
| Polysaccharide from alfalfa root | Human liver cancer (HepG2) cells | 140 μg ml–1 | Inhibit cell growth | (142) |
| Soybean peptide | Human colon tumor cells (Caco-2) | 10 μg ml–1 | ↓ H2O2 induction ↑GPx; ↑SOD; and ↑CAT |
(84) |
| Polysaccharide from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. |
Human gastric cancer (MKN7) cells | 72.9-92.6 μg ml–1 | Inhibit cell growth | (143) |
| Hawthorn fruit | Human liver cancer (HepG2) cells | 19.2 μg ml–1 | ↑ROS generation ↑Caspase-9 ↓Blc-2 |
(86) |
| Broccoli sprout | Human prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells | 0.27 μg ml–1 | ↓PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | (144) |
| Polysaccharide from Pleurotus ostreatus | Human murine skeletal muscle (C2C12) cells | 400 μg ml–1 | ↓H2O2 generation Inhibit cell apoptosis |
(82) |
| Ricegrass | Human kidney Cell (HEK293) cells | 10 mg ml–1 | ↓MDA ↓Oxidative stress and DNA damage |
(81) |
| Kale roots | Human liver cancer (HepG2) cells | 20 mg ml–1 | ↑Nrf2 protein | (145) |
| Se-enriched Astragalus polysaccharide | Human liver cancer (HepG2) cells | 10 mg ml–1 | Inhibit cell growth | (146) |
| Polysaccharide from Cordyceps gunnii | Human ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cells | 0.4 mg ml–1 | ↑Cleavage caspase-3, -9, ↑PARP and ↑BAX ↓Bcl-2 |
(147) |
| Polysaccharide from Rosa laevigata | Human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells | 0.1 mg ml–1 | ↓H2O2 generation | (148) |
| Polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves | Human bladder cancer (T24) cells | 200 μg ml–1 | ↑Cleavage caspase-3, -9, ↑PARP and ↑BAX ↓Bcl-2 |
(149) |
| Polysaccharide from Pyracantha fortuneana | Human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells | 400 μg ml–1 | Inhibit cell growth via cycle arrest at G2-phase ↑p53; ↑Bax; ↑Puma; ↑Noxa ↑Casepase-3,-9.↓Bcl2 |
(150) |
| Polysaccharide from Pyracantha fortuneana | Human ovarian cancer (SKOV3, HEY) cells | 400 μg ml–1 | ↑PARP; ↑Cleavage caspase-3; ↑Bax; ↓Bcl-2 |
(94) |
| Broccoli seed | Human Glioblastoma astrocytoma (U215) cells | 28.5 μg ml–1 | Inhibit cell growth | (151) |
| Cauliflower | Human colon tumor (Caco-2) cells | 2,500 μg ml–1 | Inhibit cell growth Changing cell morphology |
(152) |
| Ziyang green tea | Human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells | 172.2 μg ml–1 | Cycle arrest at G0/G1-phase ↑p53; ↑ Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; ↑caspase-3, -9; ↑ROS |
(153) |
↑, increase or upregulate; ↓, decrease or downregulate; Akt, protein kinase B; BAX, B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X; Blc-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; CAT, catalase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; MDA, malondialdehyde; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NOXA, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; PARP, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PUMA, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis; p53, tumor protein 53; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD; superoxide dismutase.