TABLE 3.
In vivo studies of Se-enriched plants and other food materials using animal models.
| Se-enriched food or materials | Animal models | Treatment | Functional properties | References |
| Olive leaves | Growing rabbits | Treated with 2.17 mg Se kg–1 per dry leaves extract for 70 days | ↑Serum antioxidant ↓Leukocyte DNA damage |
(154) |
| Radish sprouts | CCl4-induced liver injury mice | Treated with Se-enriched radish sprout in combination with inorganic Se compounds for 6 weeks | ↓Inflammatory reaction in liver tissue ↓MDA in liver tissue ↑GPx in liver tissue |
(90) |
| Gallic and cabbage | Broilers | Fed with a mixture of Se-gallic and cabbages | ↑Se content in plasma ↑GPx in plasma |
(155) |
| Garlic polysaccharide | Mice | Injected with 0.6 mg Se-polysaccharide | ↑TNF-α; ↑IL-6; ↑IL-1 in macrophages | (156) |
| Radish sprout | Tumorigenesis induced rats | Treated with 12.5 ppm per day for 3 weeks | ↑GPx; ↑GST in liver and lung | (157) |
| Kale spout | Male broilers | Treated with 2 mg Se kg–1 per day 42 days | ↑Se content in animal tissue ↑GPx in plasma |
(158) |
| Lotus leaf polysaccharide | Gestational Diabetes rats | Treated with 100 mg kg–1 per day for 7 weeks | ↑GSH content, ↑GPx; ↑SOD; ↑CAT ↓FBG, ↓TG, triglyceride, LDL content. |
(159) |
| Ziyang green tea polysaccharide | Chronic fatigue syndrome rats | Treated with 200 mg kg–1 per day for 4 weeks | ↑Corticosterone ↓Aldosterone serum hormones |
(160) |
| Rice | Diabetic mice | Treated with 0.2 mg g–1 body weight of 250 g L–1 Se-rice for 4 weeks | ↓ C-reactive protein; ↓TNF-α; ↓IL-6; ↓COX-2 and ↑NFκB in serum | (91) |
| Wheat | Broilers | Treated with 37-185 μg Se kg–1 per day for 21 days | ↑Se content in muscle and liver | (161) |
| Soybean peptide | Male Kunming mice | Treated at 4 mg Se kg–1 per day for 7 days | ↑SOD in liver tissue ↓MDA in liver tissue |
(84) |
| Soybeans | CCl4-induced liver injury rats | Treated with 700 mg kg–1 twice a week for 8 weeks | ↓α-SMA in the liver ↑mRNA expression of MMP9 ↑GSH; ↑GPx in liver tissue |
(162) |
| Yellow pea and oat polysaccharides | Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats | Treated with 40 μg Se kg–1 per day for 50 days | ↑GPx in blood and liver ↑TrxR1 in liver |
(163) |
| Soy protein isolate | Male weanling Sprague–Dawley rats | Treated with 30 μg Se kg–1 per day for 50 days | ↑GPx in blood and liver ↑TrxR1 in liver |
(164) |
| Auricularia auricular mushroom | High-Fat Diet Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice | Treated at 500-1,000 mg kg–1 for 8 weeks | ↓Diabetes-induced disorders of lipid metabolisms; ↓Liver damage ↑GPx; ↑CAT; ↓MDA in liver tissue |
(89) |
| Grifola frondosa mushroom polysaccharide | Cyclophosphamide induced mice | Treated with 120 mg kg–1 per day for 7 days | ↑GPx; ↑SOD; ↑CAT in serum, liver and kidney | (165) |
| Astragalus mushroom polysaccharide | CCl4-induced liver injury rats | Treated with 40 mg per day for 7 weeks | ↓TNF-α; ↓IL-6; ↓COX-2; ↓NFκB in liver tissue ↑Bcl-2/Bax ratio in liver tissue |
(92) |
| Sweet potato polysaccharide | Hepatoma (H22) cells xenograft mice | Injected with 100 mg kg–1 | ↑IL-2; ↑TNF-α; ↑VEGF in serum ↓Tumor growth ∼58% |
(93) |
| Hypsizigus marmoreus polysaccharide | CCl4-induced liver injury mice | Treated with 800 mg kg–1 per day for 10 days | ↓MDA; ↓Lipid oxidation in serum and liver ↑GPx; ↑SOD in serum and liver |
(166) |
| Pyracantha fortuneana polysaccharide | Human ovarian carcinoma (HEY) cells xenograft mice | Treated with 400 mg Se day–1 for 28 days | ↓Cancer cell proliferation; ↑apoptosis ↓Cytoplasmic β-catenin |
(94) |
| Pyracantha fortuneana polysaccharide | CCl4-induced liver injury Kunming mice | Treated with 400 mg kg–1 per day for 5 weeks | ↑GPx; ↑CAT in liver ↓TBAR; ↓ H2O2 in liver |
(167) |
| Catathelasma ventricosum mycelia. | Streptozocin-induced diabetic mice | Treated with 500 mg kg–1 per day for 30 days | ↑GPx; ↑SOD; ↑CAT; ↓ MDA in liver tissue | (168) |
| Agaricus bisporus mushroom | Hyperthermal induced oxidative stress rats | Treated with 1 μg Se g–1 per day for 5 weeks | ↑GPx in ex vivo ileum | (169) |
| Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms | Wistar male rats | Treated with 0.15 mg Se kg–1 per day for 21 days | ↑Se content in plasma | (170) |
| Microalgae | Yearling common barbel fishes | Treated with 1 mg Se kg–1 per day for 6 weeks | ↑GR in muscle and liver ↑Alanine aminotransferase; ↑Creatine kinase in blood plasma |
(171) |
| Candida utilis | Sprague-Dawley rats | Treated with 3 mg Se kg–1 per day for 6 weeks | ↑GPx; ↑SOD; ↑CAT; ↑GSH in serum and liver | (172) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | High-fat diet mice | Treated with 0.3 μg Se per day for 4 weeks | ↑GPx; ↑SOD in serum ↓MDA; ↓TC; ↓TG; ↓LDL in serum |
(173) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus and Se-yeast | Crossbred weanling piglets | Treated with 0.46 mg Se kg–1 per day for 42 days | ↑GPx in blood ↑TrxR mRNA in tissue |
(174) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus and Se-yeast | CCl4-induced liver injury rats | Treated with 0.05 mg kg–1 Se per day for 7 weeks | ↑GPx; ↑GSH; ↑SOD; ↓ MDA in liver tissue ↓ TNF-α; ↓IL-6; ↓MCP-1 in liver tissue |
(175) |
| Milk casein isolate | Human epithelial breast cancer (MCF-7) cells xenograft mice | Treated with 1.15 μg Se g–1 per day for 70 days | ↓Tumor volume ↑Apoptotic cells |
(176) |
| Se-milk protein and yeast | Mice | Treated with 1 μg Se g–1 per day of either Se-milk protein or Se-yeast for 4 weeks | ↑selenoprotein P; ↑GPx-2 in colon Only Se-yeast ↑GPx1 |
(177) |
| Se-yeast | Hepatotoxicity chickens | Treated at 50 μg kg–1 per day for 21 days | ↓ALT; ↓AST; ↓MDA in serum ↑GPx; ↑SOD in serum |
(178) |
| Se-yeast | Ochratoxin A-induced small intestinal injury chickens | Treated at 0.4 mg kg–1 per day for 21 days | ↓Intestinal injury from ochratoxin A-induction via Nrf2 pathway ↓NF-κB activation |
(179) |
| Se-yeast | 5-fluorouracil induced mice | Treated with Se-yeast at 108 CFU per day | ↓Eosinophil peroxidase activity; ↓CXCL1 levels; ↓Histopathological tissue damage ↓Oxidative stress. |
(180) |
| Se-yeast | Aluminum exposed mice | Treated with 0.1 mg kg–1 per day for 28 days | ↓Oxidative stress; ↓Inflammatory induction from Al-induction ↓mRNA inflammatory genes in liver tissue |
(97) |
| Se-yeast | Mouse mammary tumor (EMT6) cells xenograft mice | Treated with 912 ng Se per day for 14 days | ↓MDA in lung, brain, liver, thymus, spleen and kidney. ↑ Bcl-2; ↑p53; ↓IL-4 in tumor cells |
(95) |
| Se-yeast | Yellow broilers | Treated with 0.15 mg Se kg–1 per day for 8 weeks | ↑TrxR1; ↑GPx1 in kidney tissue | (96) |
↑, increase or upregulate; ↓, decrease or downregulate; α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin; ALT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase; AST, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; CAT, catalase; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CXCL1, chemokine ligan-1; FBG, fast blood glucose, GSH, glutathione content; GST, glutathione S-transferases activity; GR, glutathione reductase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase activity; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; IL-1, interleukein-1; IL-2, interleukein-2; IL-4, interleukein-4; IL-6, interleukein-6; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; MDA, malondialdehyde; MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; MPC-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TBAR, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triglyceride; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TrxR, thioredoxin reductase activity.