TABLE 4.
Selenium-enriched plant foods and yeast human clinical trials.
| Se-enriched food | Participants | Age group | Treatment | Functional properties | References |
| Onion | 18 participants | 50-64 | 50 μg Se daily for 12 weeks | ↑T-cell proliferation after flu vaccination ↑IFN-γ; ↑IL-8; ↑Enzyme and perforin content in CD8 cells ↓TNF-α in CD8 cells |
(105) |
| Broccoli | 18 participants | 24-65 | 200 μg Se per day for 3 days | ↑Total Se level in plasma ↑Interleukin products in peripheral blood mononuclear cell |
(106) |
| Rice | 10 women participants | 25 ± 2 | 80 g of Se-enriched rice (1.64 mg Se kg-1) per day for 20 days | ↑Total Se level in plasma ↑GPx in plasma |
(104) |
| Brazil nut | 91 hypertensive and dyslipidaemia patients |
62.1↑ ± ↑9.3 | 13 g of granulated Brazil nut (∼227.5 μg Se) per day for 12 weeks | ↑Total Se level in plasma ↑GPx3; ↓oxidized LDL level in plasma |
(102) |
| Brazil nut | 89 dyslipidaemia and hypertensive patients | 40-80 | Brazil nuts 227.5 μg Se per day for 90 days | ↓Total cholesterol; ↓non-HDL in serum Non-significantly different blood pressure and lipid content in serum |
(181) |
| Brazil nut | 81 hemodialysis patients |
52 ± 15.2 | 5g Brazil nut (290.5 μg Se) per day for 3 months | ↑Total Se level in plasma and erythrocyte ↑GPx in plasma |
(103) |
| Brazil nut | 61 participants | 52-75 | 50 μg Se daily for 6 weeks | ↑selenoprotein P; ↑β-catenin mRNA in blood Non-significantly decrease C-reactive protein in plasma |
(101) |
| Se-yeast | 36 polycystic ovary syndrome women | 18-40 | 200 μg Se daily for 8 weeks | ↓Cytokines IL-1; ↓TNF- α in serum ↑VEGF in serum |
(182) |
| Se-yeast | 491 participants | 60-74 | 300 μg Se daily for 6 months and 2 years | ↓Blood glucose marker hemoglobin at 6 months Non-significantly different at 2 years treatment |
(107) |
| Se-yeast | 400 participants | 40-80 | 200 μg Se daily for 6 months | Non-significantly different in β-cell function or insulin sensitivity | (111) |
| Se-yeast | 53 congestive heart failure patients | 45-85 | 200 μg Se daily for 12 weeks | ↑Insulin sensitivity index in serum ↓LDL; ↑HDL in serum |
(108) |
| Se-yeast | 80 lymphocytic thyroiditis patients | 20-71 | 2 μg Se daily for 2 months, in combination with levothyroxine combined therapy | ↑Therapeutic effect of levothyroxine ↓Thyroid-stimulating hormone; ↓Thyroid peroxidase antibody; ↓Thyroglobulin antibodies |
(183) |
| Se-yeast | 15 men | 65-72.3 | 300 μg Se daily for 5 weeks | ↓Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition gene in Prostate biopsies | (184) |
| Se-yeast | 76 participants | 34.8 | 200 μg Se daily for 6 weeks | ↓HbA1c gene refer to glycated hemoglobin in plasma Non-significantly fasten plasma glucose level |
(185) |
| Se-yeast | 60 diabetic patients | 40-85 | 200 μg Se daily for 12 weeks | ↓C-reactive protein; ↓matrix metalloproteinase-2; ↓MDA in plasma ↑Total plasma antioxidant capacity |
(186) |
| Se-yeast | 58 women with lipid profiles, plasma nitric oxide, or total antioxidant capacity conditions |
18-55 | 200 μg Se daily for 6 weeks | ↓Fasten plasma glucose level; ↓Serum insulin level; ↓Homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance ↓Triacylglycerol; ↑HDL level; ↑Total antioxidant capacity; ↑GSH in serum |
(109) |
| Se-yeast | 468 participants | 60-74 | 300 μg Se daily for 5 years | ↑Total Se level in plasma Non-significant different total cholesterol and HDL level in plasma |
(112) |
| Se-enriched milk and Se-enriched yeast | 20 participants | 18-24 | 300 μg per day as Se-enriched yeast, and about 480 μg per day for Se-enriched milk for 8 weeks | Non-significantly different the plasma antioxidant enzyme | (113) |
↑, increase or upregulate; ↓, decrease or downregulate; β-cell, beta-cells; CD8, cluster of differentiation-8; GPx, glutathione peroxidase activity; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; IL-1, interlukein-1; IL-8, interlukein-8; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; MDA, malondialdehyde; T-cell, T-lymphocyte; TNF- α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.