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. 2023 Jan 31;9(2):e13143. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13143

Table 5.

Shares of the factors of production in economic growth in Egypt between 1991 and 2019 (figures are %).

Period Total GDP Growth Share of Labor Share of Capital Share of TFP Share of HC Summation of Shares Returns to Scale
1991 to 2000
First Generation of Reform
49.5 −56.3 69.3 8.9 31.2 53.2 0.93
2001 to 2010
Second and Third Generations of Reform
49.4 −60.0 54.8 12.2 43.9 50.9 0.97
2011 to 2019
Fourth Generation of Reform
37.9 −49.1 25.2 20.1 39.1 35.3 1.07

Source: Authors' calculations.