Table 2.
Stakeholder archetypes defined by participants*.
| Archetypes defined by participants | Description | Example organizations |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Innovators | Develop ready-to-use digital health solutions | |
| a) Incumbent innovators | Established health companies driving digital health (e.g., Health insurance, pharma, med-tech) | Universities, med-tech, pharma companies, agencies and consultancies, research consortia, patient advocates / organisations, university spin-offs |
| b) Disruptors | BigTech companies (e.g., Apple) or start-ups venturing into digital health | Start-ups, FAAMG (Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Microsoft, Goolge), IT providers (e.g., cloud, platforms), Covid |
| 2. Regulators & policy makers | Approve and regulate digital healthcare solutions | |
| a) National regulators & policy makers | National insitutions regulating or affecting digital health innovation in Switzerland | MPs, Swissmedic, BAG, Federal Statistical Office, EDÖB, local health authorities, BIT, local governments |
| b) International agencies | International bodies with high impact on digital health innovation in Switzerland | European Medicines Agency (EMA), Food and Drug Authority (FDA), International NGOs, “supra-nationals” (e.g., WHO, European Commission) |
| 3. Providors & implementors | Deliver or enable delivery of digital healthcare to patients, oftentimes required to implement innovation | Hospitals, patients, insurers, GPs & other health providers, pharma companies, healthy adopters, hospital physiciancs, health care professionals, governments (e.g., implementing COVID tracking) |
| 4. Opposers | Oppose and critique digital health innovations | Data subjects (e.g., patients, citizens), incumbents due to loose to digital health, corporations (esp. legal, compliance division) |
| 5. End-users | Use or receive digital health solutions, often receiving a benefit as a result | Patients, doctors |
| 6. Other | Engage otherwise in the evolution of the digital health eco-system | General public, overall education system |
Participants identified stakeholder archetypes as part of section 2 of the mind map.
*
Note: archetypes are non-exclusive categorizations. As such, Individual stakeholders, i.e., hybrid-stakeholders, may fall under several archetypes simultaneously (e.g., health insurers may innovate).