. 2023 Feb 6;14:1089819. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1089819

TABLE 1.

Basic characteristics of the 2,474 TWB participants.

	Males	Females	p-value ^a
Total	1,243 (50.2%)	1,231 (49.8%)
Chronological age (years)	50.3 $\pm$ 11.3	49.3 $\pm$ 10.8	0.0246
HannumEAA (years)	0.68 $\pm$ 3.73	−0.69 $\pm$ 3.70	8.5E-20
IEAA (years)	0.66 $\pm$ 3.68	−0.67 $\pm$ 3.63	2.6E-19
PhenoEAA (years)	0.05 $\pm$ 4.69	−0.05 $\pm$ 5.14	0.5854
GrimEAA (years)	1.43 $\pm$ 3.62	−1.44 $\pm$ 2.71	5.0E-100
DunedinPACE	1.005 $\pm$ 0.108	0.976 $\pm$ 0.104	2.0E-11
Drinking ^b	147 (11.8%)	24 (1.9%)	7.7E-22
Smoking ^c	235 (18.9%)	48 (3.9%)	2.0E-31
The number of pack-years for smokers	22.3 $\pm 20$ .8	10.8 $\pm$ 10.3	6.2E-8
Regular exercise ^d	595 (47.9%)	497 (40.4%)	2.0E-4
Educational attainment ^e	5.8 $\pm$ 0.9	5.4 $\pm$ 0.9	1.6E-22
BMI (kg/m²)	25.2 $\pm$ 3.4	23.5 $\pm$ 3.7	2.3E-32
Obesity (BMI >27 kg/m²)	333 (26.8%)	196 (15.9%)	6.0E-11
Body fat percentage (%)	22.9 $\pm$ 5.4	31.8 $\pm$ 6.5	4.5E-228
Adiposity ^f	381 (30.7%)	687 (55.8%)	2.4E-36
Waist circumference (cm)	87.9 $\pm$ 9.3	80.5 $\pm$ 9.8	6.8E-76
Abdominal obesity ^g	442 (35.6%)	561 (45.6%)	4.9E-7
Diabetes ^h	122 (9.8%)	67 (5.4%)	5.9E-5
Hypertension ⁱ	586 (47.1%)	300 (24.4%)	5.5E-32
Coronary artery disease	35 (2.8%)	7 (0.57%)	3.0E-5
Cardiovascular diseases ^j	140 (11.3%)	136 (11.0%)	0.9155
Hypertriglyceridemia ^k	319 (25.7%)	161 (13.1%)	3.7E-15
High LDL-C ^l	469 (37.7%)	417 (33.9%)	0.0502
Low HDL-C ^m	274 (22.0%)	318 (25.8%)	0.0306
High TG/HDL-C ratio ⁿ	300 (24.1%)	181 (14.7%)	4.2E-9
“walking” as the regular exercise	183 (14.7%)	183 (14.9%)	0.9650
Forced vital capacity (FVC, in mL)	3623 $\pm$ 687 (811 males measured FVC)	2537 $\pm$ 613 (765 females measured FVC)	3.8E-183

Data are presented in n (%) or mean $\pm$ standard deviation.

^{^a}

p-value of testing the mean difference between males and females, based on the two-sample t-test (for continuous variables) or proportion test (for dichotomous variables).

^{^b}

Drinking was defined as a person having a weekly intake of more than 150 mL of alcoholic beverages for at least 6 months and having not stopped drinking at the time he/she participated in TWB.

^{^c}

Smoking was defined as a person who had smoked cigarettes for at least 6 months and had not quit smoking at the time he/she participated in TWB.

Regular exercise was defined as performing 30 min of “exercise” three times a week. “Exercise” included leisure-time activities such as walking, jogging, swimming, cycling, dancing, weight training, mountain climbing, etc.

Educational attainment ranged from 1 to 7: 1 “illiterate”, 2 “no formal education but literate”, 3 “primary school graduate”, 4 “junior high school graduate”, 5 “senior high school graduate”, 6 “college graduate”, and 7 “Master’s or higher degree”.

^{^f}

Adiposity: Male BFP >25% or female BFP >30%.

^{^g}

Abdominal obesity: Male WC > 90 cm or female WC > 80 cm.

^{^h}

Individuals with diabetes included those with physician-diagnosed diabetes, or subjects having fasting glucose >126 mg/dL or HbA1c > 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) based on TWB test results.

ⁱ

Individuals with hypertension included those with physician-diagnosed hypertension, or subjects having DBP >80 mmHg or SBP >130 mmHg based on TWB test results.

^{^j}

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) included the diagnosis of valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, and apoplexy or any other diseases involving blood vessels or heart.

^{^k}

Hypertriglyceridemia: TG > 150 mg/dL.

^{^l}

High LDL-C: LDL-C > 130 mg/dL.

^{^m}

Low HDL-C: Male HDL-C < 40 mg/dL or female HDL-C < 50 mg/dL.

^ⁿ

High TG/HDL-C ratio: male TG/HDL-C > 3.75 (= 150/40) or female TG/HDL-C > 3 (= 150/50).