Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with OHCA due to non-cardiac cause who had witnessed bystander CPR and initial shockable rhythm.
| EMS shock | Bystander AED shock | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 996 (94.6) | N = 57 (5.4) | |||
| Age (year) | 72 (57–82) | 70 (56–79) | 0.27 | |
| Sex (male) | 654 (65.7) | 41 (71.9) | 0.33 | |
| Initial heart rhythm | Ventricular fibrillation | 970 (97.4) | 55 (96.5) | 0.68 |
| Pulseless ventricular tachycardia | 26 (2.6) | 2 (3.5) | ||
| Type of non-cardiac cause | Cerebrovascular diseases | 162 (16.3) | 6 (10.5) | 0.44 |
| Respiratory diseases | 197 (19.8) | 10 (17.5) | ||
| Malignancy | 78 (7.8) | 3 (5.3) | ||
| External factors | 70 (7.0) | 3 (5.3) | ||
| Toxication | 6 (0.6) | 0 | ||
| Drowning | 25 (2.5) | 2 (3.5) | ||
| Traffic accident | 22 (2.2) | 2 (3.5) | ||
| Hypothermia | 6 (0.6) | 0 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 2 (0.2) | 1 (1.8) | ||
| Others | 428 (43.0) | 30 (52.6) | ||
| Witness to first defibrillation by EMS time (min) | 13 (9–15) | 13 (11–17) | 0.49 | |
| Number of defibrillations by EMS | 1 | 522 (52.4) | 21 (36.8) | 0.03 |
| 2 | 197 (19.8) | 11 (19.3) | ||
| ≥3 | 277 (27.8) | 25 (43.9) | ||
| Airway protective device use | 390 (46.2) | 20 (38.5) | 0.28 | |
| Adrenaline use | 345 (40.4) | 23 (43.4) | 0.66 | |
| Witness to bystander CPR time (min) | 2 (0–4) | 0 (0–4) | 0.15 | |
| Witness to EMS contact time (min) | 11 (9–13) | 11 (9–15) | 0.28 | |
| Witness to hospital arrival time (min) | 33 (28–42) | 33 (26–37) | 0.54 |
Continuous variables were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-squared test.
OHCA: out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, AED: Automated External Defibrillator, CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation, EMS: emergency medical service,
Missing: Witness to bystander CPR = 20, Airway protective device use = 157, Adrenaline use = 145.