Table 4.

Comparison of depression, loneliness and QoL (N = 64).

Variables	Group	Pre		Post		Post-Pre		t† or z	p
		M ±SD	Median (IQR)	M ±SD	Median (IQR)	M ±SD	Median (IQR)
Depression	Exp. (n = 31)	20.35 ± 3.45	20 (7)	17.94 ± 3.40	17 (5)	−2.42 ± 3.36	−2 (3)	−2.99	0.003
	Con. (n = 33)	21.30 ± 3.63	21 (5)	21.33 ± 3.80	22 (5)	0.03 ± 2.82	0 (3)
Loneliness†	Exp. (n = 31)	42.45 ± 11.69	42 (18)	31.19 ± 11.05	28 (20)	−11.26 ± 9.34	−12 (14)	−4.27	< 0.001
	Con. (n = 33)	42.03 ± 10.26	43 (16)	41.48 ± 10.65	42 (12)	−0.55 ± 10.64	1 (16)
QoL	Exp. (n = 31)	0.82 ± 0.13	0.82 (0.15)	0.89 ± 0.12	0.91 (0.13)	0.07 ± 0.12	0.09 (0.14)	1.84	0.066
	Con. (n = 33)	0.78 ± 0.15	0.77 (0.25)	0.81 ± 0.11	0.77 (0.13)	0.03 ± 0.10	0 (0.96)
Mobility	Exp.	2.48 ± 0.51	2 (1)	2.84 ± 0.37	3 (0)	0.35 ± 0.49	0 (1)	3.21	< 0.001
	Con.	2.52 ± 0.51	3 (1)	2.48 ± 0.51	2 (1)	−0.03 ± 0.39	0 (0)
Self–Care	Exp.	2.87 ± 0.43	3 (0)	2.94 ± 0.25	3 (0)	0.06 ± 0.36	0 (0)	1.03	0.302
	Con.	2.91 ± 0.29	3 (0)	2.91 ± 0.29	3 (0)	0.00 ± 0.00	0 (0)
Usual activities	Exp.	2.81 ± 0.40	3 (0)	3.00 ± 0.00	3 (0)	0.19 ± 0.40	0 (0)	1.02	0.31
	Con.	2.61 ± 0.50	3 (1)	2.70 ± 0.47	3 (1)	0.09 ± 0.38	0 (0)
Pain/discomfort	Exp.	2.16 ± 0.58	2 (1)	2.29 ± 0.59	2 (1)	0.13 ± 0.67	0 (1)	−0.63	0.53
	Con.	1.88 ± 0.65	2 (1)	2.12 ± 0.55	2 (0)	0.24 ± 0.50	0 (1)
Anxiety/depression	Exp.	2.52 ± 0.57	3 (1)	2.74 ± 0.58	3 (0)	0.23 ± 0.56	0 (1)	1.5	0.064
	Con.	2.45 ± 0.56	2 (1)	2.42 ± 0.61	2 (1)	−0.03 ± 0.53	0 (0)

Con., Control group; Exp., Experimental group; QoL, Quality of life; M, mean; SD, Standard deviation.