Table 2.
Self-report outcome measures administered: 18 .
| Measure | Items | Clinical significance |
|---|---|---|
| Self-compassion scale 19 (SCS) | 12-item valid and reliable short form measure of self-compassion, with a possible range of scores from 0–30 | Higher scores indicate greater levels of self-compassion. Components include self-kindness, self-judgement, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness and over-identification |
| Excellent internal consistency published, Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.86 19 | ||
| Centre for epidemiological studies of depression scale 20 (CES-D) | 20-item valid and reliable measure of depression with a possible range of scores of 0–60 | Higher scores indicate more depressive symptomatology |
| Excellent internal consistency published, Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.9 20 | ||
| Pain anxiety symptom scale short form 20 21 (PASS) | 20-item valid and reliable measure of fear of pain with scores from 0–100 | Higher scores indicate greater anxiety |
| Excellent internal consistency published, Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.9 21 | ||
| Roland Morris disability questionnaire 22 (RMDQ): | 24-item valid and reliable check-list of lower back pain–related disability with scores from 0–24 | Higher scores indicate higher disability |
| Excellent internal consistency published, Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.91 22 | ||
| Pain self-efficacy questionnaire 23 (PSEQ) | 10-item valid and reliable measure of confidence of people with any type of chronic pain to engage in activity despite their pain. Possible scores range from 0–60 | Higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy beliefs, lower scores reflect a focus on the pain and seeking pain relief before increasing activity |
| Excellent internal published consistency, Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.92 23 | ||
| Pain numeric rating scale24,25 (NRS) | Single item measure of current pain with range of scores from 0–10 with 0 being ‘no pain’ and 10 being ‘worst pain imaginable’: This is the standard pain measure used in this hospital trust | Higher scores indicate greater level of pain |