Table 1.

Surveillance for Emerging Threats to Mothers and Babies Network COVID-19 Surveillance Key Questions

COVID-19 in pregnancy
What are the demographics and risk factors for disease in pregnant people with COVID-19, including occupational exposure (e.g., health care workers)?
What is the timing for illness onset and presence of symptoms (e.g., trimester at infection, asymptomatic vs. symptomatic)?
What is the clinical course of COVID-19 in pregnant people?
Complications (e.g., pneumonia, respiratory distress, abnormal chest X-ray) Severity (e.g., hospitalizations, intensive care unit admission, intubation, ECMO) Treatments (e.g., antivirals, supportive treatments) Outcomes (e.g., mortality)
Does illness severity vary by time period when genetic variants (e.g., Delta) were predominant compared with prior time periods?
What is the frequency of reinfection among pregnant people?
What is the frequency of infection by maternal vaccination status? What is the clinical course of COVID-19 by maternal vaccination status?
Birth and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19 during pregnancy
What is the frequency of different pregnancy outcomes (e.g., live birth, stillbirth, miscarriage) among pregnant people with COVID-19? Does this differ by time period when genetic variants were predominant? Does this differ by maternal vaccination status?
What is frequency of induction and type of delivery (e.g., vaginal, nonemergent c-section, emergency c-section) among pregnant people with COVID-19?
What is the frequency and range of adverse birth outcomes (e.g., birth defects, preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age, ICU admission, neonatal mortality) among neonates born to pregnant people with COVID-19 infections?
Do these outcomes differ by timing and severity of maternal COVID-19 infection, or time period when genetic variants were predominant?
What is the frequency of neonates diagnosed with COVID-19?
Describe timing of neonates testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (e.g., at birth, 24–48 hours, >48 hours) Describe the frequency based on maternal disease characteristics (e.g., gestational age at onset, severity of maternal illness, timing of infection to delivery) or delivery characteristics (e.g., vaginal vs. c-section) Describe treatment administered (e.g., antivirals, supportive treatments)
Did the neonate room-in with mom and what is the frequency of breast milk feeding among people with COVID-19? Do these feeding practices differ by infant testing results and maternal characteristics, such as timing of infection or severity of maternal infection?
Infant outcomes
What is the frequency of postnatal SARS-CoV-2 infection among infants born to people with COVID-19 during pregnancy? Does this frequency differ by maternal characteristics that may influence passive immunity (e.g., trimester of infection, disease severity)? Does this differ by time period when genetic variants (e.g., Delta) were predominant compared with prior time periods? Does this differ by maternal vaccination status?
Among infants with SARS-CoV-2 infection, what is the severity of postnatal infection, including need for hospitalization and mortality?
What are the growth patterns seen among infants born to people with COVID-19 during pregnancy? Do growth patterns differ by infant characteristics (e.g., preterm, low birthweight, breastfeeding), infant testing results, and maternal characteristics, such as timing of infection, severity of maternal infection, or hospital infection and control practices?
What is the range and frequency of other adverse infant outcomes (e.g., failure to thrive, dehydration, jaundice, hospitalization) among infants born to people with COVID-19 during pregnancy? Do these outcomes differ by infant testing results and maternal characteristics, such as timing of infection, severity of maternal infection, and/or hospital infection and control practices (e.g., maternal-infant separation)?
Are infants born to people with COVID-19 during pregnancy receiving recommended in-person outpatient follow-up and does this differ by maternal characteristics (e.g., demographics, socioeconomic indicators, and/or timing of maternal infection)?