Table 5.
Evening report EMA smoking restrictions, social contexts, and internal cues by user group and e-cigarette dependence among dual users
| Exclusive Smokers | Dual Users | Low Dep | Mod Dep | High Dep | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | T-test (df) | p-value† | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F (df) | p-value† | |
| Positive Affect | 3.1 | 1.3 | 3.3 | 1.3 | −0.98 (294) | 0.33 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 3.5 | 1.1 | 0.81 (2) | 0.45 |
| Negative Affect | 2.4 | 1.2 | 2.8 | 1.3 | −2.4 (294) | 0.02 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 0.74 (2) | 0.48 |
| Cigarette Craving | 3.6 | 1.3 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 0.01 (294) | 0.996 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 3.1 a | 1.3 | 3.29 (2) | 0.04 †† |
| E-cigarette Craving | 1.1 | 0.5 | 3 | 1.4 | −14.47 (294) | <0.001 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 1 | 4.3 ab | 1.4 | 28.76 (2) | <0.001 |
| Positive Smoking Expectancies | 3.5 | 1.4 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 0 (294) | 0.996 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 2.8 ab | 1.4 | 5.77 (2) | 0.004 |
| Positive Vaping Expectancies | 1.2 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 1.5 | −12.89 (294) | <0.001 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 4.3 ab | 1.4 | 26.62 (2) | <0.001 |
| Percent of Day in Smoking Area | 2.9 | 1 | 2.7 | 1 | 1.5 (294) | 0.13 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 2.2 ab | 1 | 7.14 (2) | 0.001 |
| Percent of Day in Vaping Area | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 1 | −9.10 (293) | <0.001 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 1 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 1.32 (2) | 0.27 |
| Percent of Day Around Smokers | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.16 (294) | 0.25 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.1 a | 0.8 | 4.22 (2) | 0.02 |
| Percent of Day Around Vapers | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | −8.42 (294) | <0.001 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 2.33 (2) | 0.10 |
| Freq. of situations that made you want to smoke (1-7) | 3.4 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 1.4 | −1.75 (294) | 0.08 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 3.2 a | 1.5 | 3.37 (2) | 0.04 †† |
| Strength of cigarette craving in these situations (1-7) | 3.7 | 1.5 | 4 | 1.5 | −1.62 (294) | 0.11 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 4.3 | 1.3 | 3.3 ab | 1.5 | 5.75 (2) | 0.004 |
| Freq. of situations that made you want to vape (1-7) | 1.2 | 0.5 | 3 | 1.4 | −14.72 (293) | <0.001 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 4 ab | 1.4 | 14.49 (2) | <0.001 |
| Strength of e-cigarette craving in these situations (1-7) | 1.1 | 0.4 | 3.1 | 1.5 | −14.65 (294) | <0.001 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 1.4 | 4.3 ab | 1.4 | 17.11 (2) | <0.001 |
| Highest level of stress (1-7) | 3.2 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 1.4 | −3.12 (294) | 0.002 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 0.32 (2) | 0.73 |
| Strength of cigarette craving during the stressor (1-7) | 3.4 | 1.6 | 3.9 | 1.6 | −2.70* (294) | 0.01 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 1.5 | 3.1 ab | 1.5 | 6.12 (2) | 0.003 |
| Strength of e-cigarette craving during the stressor (1-7) | 1.1 | 0.4 | 3 | 1.5 | −14.18 (294) | <0.001 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 4.1 ab | 1.4 | 14.70 (2) | <0.001 |
| Hedonic Tone (mean of pleasure from interpersonal contacts, work, and fun; 1-7) | 4.2 | 1.2 | 4.3 | 1.2 | −0.82 (293) | 0.04 †† | 4.2 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 1.1 | 4.5 | 1.0 | 0.62 (2) | 0.56 |
| Number of alcoholic drinks | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.8 | −1.19 (287) | 0.02 †† | 0.9 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.6 | 0.20 (2) | 0.82 |
Note.
†
All effects remain statistically significant after using the Benjamini-Hochberg approach to control for the false discovery rate unless noted.
††
No longer statistically significant after the Benjamini-Hochberg correction.
a
Mean for high e-cigarette dependence dual users is statistically significantly different from moderate e-cigarette dependence dual users.
b
Mean for high e-cigarette dependence dual users is statistically significantly different from low e-cigarette dependence dual users.
Low Dep = low e-cigarette dependence; Mod Dep = moderate e-cigarette dependence; High Dep = high e-cigarette dependence.