Table 2.
Natural antioxidants tested against coronavirus infection in in vitro models and their antiviral effects.
| Antioxidant | Type of cells tested | Antiviral effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quercetin, Epigallocatechin gallate, Gallocatechin gallate | Recombinant 3 CLpro was expressed in pichiapastoris GS115 | Inhibition of coronavirus replication | [103] |
| Amentoflavone, Rhoifolin, Apigenin, Luteolin, Quercetin, Herbacetin, Pectolinarin | SARS-CoV 3 CLpro inhibition using fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis, molecular docking and mutagenesis | Inhibition of SARS-CoV replication | [42], [104] |
| Catechin | TGEV infected ST cells | Inhibition of TGEV induced apoptosis | [105] |
| Quercetin 7- rhamnoside (Q7R) | PDEV infected Vero cells | Reduction of cytopathic effect (CPE) without fragmenting DNA | [94] |
| Resveratrol | MERS- infected VeroE6 cells | Inhibition of MERS induced apoptosis | [106] |
| Herbacetin, Isobavachalcone | Tryptophan based fluorescence method | Inhibiton of MERS-CoV replication | [107] |
| Myricetin, Scutellarein | SPR/FRET-based bioassays | Inhibition of SARS-CoV replication | [108] |