Table 5.
Serum biomarkers in adolescents stratified with respect to the estimated total polyphenol intake.
| Total polyphenol intake | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Moderate | High | p value | |
| Serum biomarkers | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 80.79 ± 8.30 | 78.22 ± 7.53 | 78.21 ± 5.53 | ∗ 0.53 ¥ 0.51 § 1 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 10.38 ± 6.68 | 10.50 ± 6.85 | 8.73 ± 6.26 | ∗ 1 ¥ 0.69 § 0.67 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.09 ± 1.16 | 2.04 ± 1.36 | 1.69 ± 1.23 | ∗ 0.99 ¥ 0.60 § 0.68 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 112.05 ± 109.72 | 67.33 ± 31.91 | 55.63 ± 15.28 | ∗ 0.11 ¥ 0.03 § 0.86 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 163.21 ± 37.06 | 154.11 ± 27.44 | 140.26 ± 20.56 | ∗ 0.61 ¥ 0.05 § 0.33 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 93.26 ± 27.54 | 91.89 ± 22.76 | 74.95 ± 17.06 | ∗ 0.98 ¥ 0.04 § 0.07 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 47.47 ± 10.13 | 48.89 ± 12.90 | 54.26 ± 10.66 | ∗ 0.92 ¥ 0.16 § 0.32 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.92 ± 0.11 | 0.87 ± 0.12 | 0.87 ± 0.12 | ∗ 0.45 ¥ 0.42 § 1 |
| Urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 28.74 ± 5.69 | 28.28 ± 6.05 | 31.53 ± 6.68 | ∗ 0.97 ¥ 0.35 § 0.25 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.90 ± 1.16 | 4.88 ± 1.80 | 5.08 ± 1.56 | ∗ 1 ¥ 0.93 § 0.91 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.99 ± 0.62 | 0.88 ± 0.37 | 1.21 ± 0.75 | ∗ 0.85 ¥ 0.49 § 0.22 |
| Direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.27 ± 0.09 | 0.24 ± 0.07 | 0.29 ± 0.11 | ∗ 0.64 ¥ 0.75 § 0.25 |
| ESR (mm/h) | 18.74 ± 7.06 | 24.72 ± 16.22 | 13.58 ± 7.95 | ∗ 0.24 ¥ 0.33 § 0.01 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.27 ± 0.81 | 1.23 ± 0.64 | 1.12 ± 0.53 | ∗ 0.98 ¥ 0.77 § 0.87 |
HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment for estimating insulin resistance; TG: triglyceride; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: serum C-reactive protein. ∗: low vs. moderate; ¥: low vs. high; §: moderate vs. high. Statistical differences were evaluated by a one-way ANOVA test. In bold are reported statistically significant values.