Table 3.
Group comparison of outcome measures during the intervention period.
| Intervention group | Control group | Main effect | Time-by-group interaction | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Times | |||||||||||
| Items | At admission (baseline) | Two weeks after admission | Discharge | At admission (baseline) | Two weeks after admission | Discharge | F-value | pvalue | F-value | pvalue | F-value | pvalue |
| NRS | 7.9 ± 1.9 | 4.7 ± 2.0‡ | 1.7 ± 1.2†,‡,§ | 7.9 ± 2.0 | 5.2 ± 2.0‡ | 2.9 ± 2.1‡,§ | 5.135 | 0.027 | 131.371 | ≤0.001 | 1.388 | 0.254 |
| PCS | ||||||||||||
| Rumination | 14.4 ± 4.2 | 12.4 ± 5.2 | 8.3 ± 5.6‡,§ | 14.2 ± 3.8 | 12.7 ± 5.4 | 9.3 ± 6.0‡,§ | 0.113 | 0.738 | 32.224 | ≤0.001 | 0.343 | 0.710 |
| Helplessness | 8.4 ± 4.7 | 6.0 ± 3.6‡ | 4.3 ± 3.8‡ | 8.2 ± 5.3 | 6.0 ± 4.6‡ | 4.8 ± 4.5‡ | 0.012 | 0.913 | 14.681 | ≤0.001 | 0.162 | 0.851 |
| Magnification | 5.3 ± 3.3 | 3.8 ± 3.5‡ | 2.6 ± 2.8‡ | 3.5 ± 2.6 | 3.5 ± 2.9 | 3.3 ± 2.6 | 0.509 | 0.479 | 5.924 | 0.004 | 4.637 | 0.012 |
| Total | 28.1 ± 10.5 | 22.1 ± 10.7‡ | 15.1 ± 11.1‡,§ | 25.9 ± 9.7 | 22.1 ± 10.7 | 17.4 ± 11.6‡ | 0.000 | 0.996 | 25.684 | ≤0.001 | 1.107 | 0.334 |
| TSK-11 | 28.4 ± 5.6 | 25.4 ± 6.4‡ | 22.8 ± 6.8‡,§ | 29.4 ± 5.0 | 25.5 ± 4.8‡ | 24.3 ± 5.9‡ | 0.440 | 0.510 | 25.032 | ≤0.001 | 0.404 | 0.669 |
| GDS-15 | 6.2 ± 3.7 | 6.1 ± 4.3 | 4.1 ± 3.5‡,§ | 7.0 ± 3.1 | 5.9 ± 3.1 | 4.9 ± 3.6‡ | 0.263 | 0.610 | 12.700 | ≤0.001 | 0.890 | 0.414 |
| Daily step counts | 411.4 ± 493.3 | 820.7 ± 852.2 | 2866.4 ± 1666.7†,‡,§ | 427.1 ± 401.1 | 849.6 ± 1327.1‡ | 1570.2 ± 977.7‡,§ | 4.055 | 0.049 | 63.579 | ≤0.001 | 10.384 | ≤0.001 |
| Physical activity time (s) | 245.4 ± 344.3 | 506.3 ± 558.3 | 1831.1 ± 972.1†,‡,§ | 267.7 ± 241.2 | 572.7 ± 899.7‡ | 1095.5 ± 642.1‡,§ | 2.624 | 0.111 | 67.939 | ≤0.001 | 8.663 | ≤0.001 |
| FIM | 68.216.5 | 91.1 ± 18.0‡ | 116.1 ± 8.4‡,§ | 67.0 ± 16.8 | 90.3 ± 16.9‡ | 112.8 ± 8.0‡,§ | 0.297 | 0.588 | 314.331 | ≤0.001 | 0.263 | 0.769 |
| EQ-5D 3L | 0.265 ± 0.252 | 0.571 ± 0.205‡ | 0.741 ± 0.162‡,§ | 0.283 ± 0.272 | 0.637 ± 0.152‡ | 0.720 ± 0.192‡,§ | 0.257 | 0.614 | 106.288 | ≤0.001 | 0.917 | 0.403 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Ratios of the height of each border of the collapsed body to the posterior border of a normal upper vertebral body | ||||||||||||
| Anterior (%) | 73.0 ± 16.9 | 62.3 ± 16.6‡ | 53.6 ± 16.7‡,§ | 71.4 ± 16.8 | 65.4 ± 18.4‡ | 58.1 ± 19.2‡,§ | 0.245 | 0.622 | 60.917 | ≤0.001 | 2.269 | 0.108 |
| Center (%) | 60.9 ± 14.7 | 51.1 ± 15.0‡ | 42.4 ± 15.8‡,§ | 58.5 ± 13.9 | 54.0 ± 15.7‡ | 47.9 ± 16.9‡,§ | 0.316 | 0.576 | 68.519 | ≤0.001 | 5.253 | 0.006 |
| Posterior (%) | 98.4 ± 9.7 | 94.7 ± 10.0‡ | 89.7 ± 10.4‡,§ | 95.3 ± 10.6 | 93.7 ± 9.3 | 92.7 ± 9.8 | 0.018 | 0.894 | 20.396 | ≤0.001 | 6.503 | 0.002 |
| CST (s) | — | 19.8 ± 10.0† | 12.8 ± 4.2§ | — | 17.4 ± 5.6 | 12.3 ± 3.0§ | 1.086 | 0.302 | 51.639 | ≤0.001 | 1.281 | 0.263 |
| TUGT (s) | — | 20.9 ± 12.4 | 11.8 ± 5.6§ | — | 19.5 ± 8.5 | 12.8 ± 4.7§ | 0.008 | 0.930 | 42.839 | ≤0.001 | 1.035 | 0.314 |
| 6-MWT (m) | — | 209.7 ± 121.3 | 344.6 ± 113.4†,§ | — | 196.8 ± 105.9 | 261.3 ± 107.5§ | 3.149 | 0.082 | 66.262 | ≤0.001 | 8.259 | 0.006 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. NRS, numerical rating scale; PCS, pain catastrophising scale; TSK-11, tampa scale for kineshiophbia; GDS-15, 15-item version of the geriatric depression scale; FIM, Functional independence measure; EQ-5D 3L, EuroQoL 5-dimension3-level; CST, chair stand test; TUGT, timed up-and-go test; 6-MWT, six-minute walk test. †Significant between-group differences (p < 0.0167 for comparison of NRS, PCS, TSK-11, GDS-15, daily step counts, physical activity time, FIM, EQ-5D 3L, and loss of vertebral height, and p < 0.025 for comparison of physical performance). ‡Significant intragroup difference from baseline (p < 0.0167 for comparison of NRS, PCS, TSK-11, GDS-15, daily step counts, physical activity time, FIM, EQ-5D 3L, and loss of vertebral height; p < 0.025 for comparison of physical performance). §Significant intragroup differences at two weeks (p < 0.0167 for comparison of NRS, PCS, TSK-11, GDS-15, daily step counts, physical activity time, FIM, EQ-5D 3L, and loss of vertebral height; p < 0.025 for comparison of physical performance).