Table 1.
Sociodemographic and health conditions in adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
| Characteristics | Total, % (95% CI) | Vitamin D |
P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sufficiency, % (95% CI) | Deficiency, % (95% CI) | |||
| Total | 80.2 (75.1–84.5) | 19.8 (15.5–24.9) | ||
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 48.1 (41.0–55.2) | 47.9 (39.3–56.6) | 47.3 (42.3–62.8) | 0.933 |
| Female | 51.9 (44.7–59.0) | 52.1 (43.4–60.7) | 52.7 (42.3–62.8) | |
| Age, y | ||||
| Mean (95%CI) | 43.8 (42.5–45.2) | 40.2 (38.8–41.6) | 52.4 (49.6–55.2) | < 0.001 |
| 18-34 | 35.6 (31.1–40.3) | 35.0 (30.0–40.2) | 22.3 (14.2–33.3) | 0.001 |
| 35-59 | 45.6 (41.1–50.2) | 46.5 (41.4–51.7) | 35.6 (28.1–44.0) | |
| ≥60 | 18.8 (15.5–22.7) | 18.5 (14.8–23.0) | 42.1 (35.0–49.4) | |
| Skin color † | ||||
| White | 25.6 (20.8–31.2) | 23.9 (18.7–30.0) | 33.6 (22.2–47.3) | 0.163 |
| Black | 20.8 (16.0–26.4) | 20.2 (14.7–27.1) | 20.6 (15.1–27.5) | |
| Brown | 47.9 (41.5–54.4) | 49.5 (41.7–57.4) | 43.2 (32.6–54.5) | |
| Others | 5.7 (4.1–7.8) | 6.4 (4.4–9.1) | 2.6 (1.4–4.4) | |
| Marital status ‡ | ||||
| Married | 53.2 (47.2–59.2) | 53.0 (45.8–60.0) | 56.5 (44.4–67.9) | 0.604 |
| Not married | 46.8 (40.8–52.8) | 47.0 (40.0–54.2) | 43.5 (32.1–55.6) | |
| Education, y | ||||
| 0-8 | 31.2 (26.7–36.0) | 29.7 (24.8–35.2) | 33.6 (26.0–42.1) | 0.003 |
| 9-11 | 39.7 (35.6–43.9) | 40.3 (36.2–44.4) | 37.6 (26.6–50.0) | |
| ≥12 | 29.1 (23.8–35.1) | 30.0 (24.1–36.7) | 28.9 (20.5–38.9) | |
| Family income § | ||||
| ≤2 MW | 41.1 (35.6–46.8) | 45.6 (40.1–51.1) | 43.0 (32.9–53.6) | 0.867 |
| >2 to ≤4 MW | 32.0 (26.9–37.5) | 28.0 (22.2–34.7) | 34.9 (26.7–44.1) | |
| >4 MW | 26.9 (22.0–32.5) | 26.4 (20.9–32.8) | 22.1 (16.4–29.2) | |
| Work status ║ | ||||
| Not working | 47.5 (42.7–52.3) | 45.6 (42.7–53.4) | 57.0 (49.2–64.5) | 0.006 |
| Actively working | 52.5 (47.7–57.3) | 54.4 (45.6–62.9) | 43.0 (35.5–50.8) | |
| Working from home ¶ | ||||
| No | 79.7 (75.0–83.7) | 79.0 (74.0–83.3) | 80.6 (72.0–87.0) | 0.681 |
| Yes | 20.3 (16.2–25.0) | 21.0 (16.7–26.0) | 19.4 (13.0–27.9) | |
| City | ||||
| Mariana | 42.4 (30.2–55.7) | 39.1 (26.4–54.3) | 45.0 (32.4–58.3) | 0.202 |
| Ouro Preto | 57.6 (44.3–69.8) | 60.9 (45.7–73.6) | 55.0 (41.7–67.6) | |
| Health conditions | ||||
| Sleep quality # | ||||
| Good | 52.5 (48.6–56.4) | 47.6 (43.5–51.6) | 43.6 (31.6–56.5) | 0.563 |
| Poor | 47.5 (43.6–51.4) | 52.4 (48.4–56.5) | 56.4 (43.5–68.4) | |
| Chronic diseases ⁎⁎ | ||||
| No | 60.3 (54.4–65.8) | 51.4 (43.7–59.1) | 33.2 (25.2–42.3) | 0.004 |
| Yes | 39.7 (34.2–45.5) | 48.6 (40.9–56.3) | 66.8 (57.7–74.8) | |
| Chronic pain | ||||
| No | 65.7 (61.4–69.7) | 65.4 (60.3–70.2) | 63.8 (54.7–71.9) | 0.731 |
| Yes | 34.3 (30.3–38.6) | 34.6 (29.8–39.7) | 36.2 (28.1–45.3) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| No | 83.0 (78.6–86.7) | 84.3 (79.7–88.9) | 76.7 (68.6–86.0) | 0.227 |
| Yes | 17.0 (13.3–21.4) | 15.6 (11.1–20.3) | 23.3 (14.0–31.4) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| No | 41.8 (36.0–47.9) | 39.2 (29.5–43.9) | 51.8 (42.6–60.9) | 0.012 |
| Yes | 58.2 (52.1–64.0) | 60.8 (56.1–70.5) | 48.2 (39.1–57.4) | |
| Nutritional status †† | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 (26.2–27.1) | 26.2 (25.7–26.7) | 27.6 (26.6–28.5) | 0.018 |
| Eutrophic | 41.0 (34.7–47.5) | 43.0 (34.1–52.5) | 39.9 (30.4–50.3) | 0.023 |
| Underweight | 2.9 (2.0–4.1) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | 4.2 (2.5–6.8) | |
| Overweight | 36.9 (29.5–44.9) | 40.2 (29.7–51.7) | 28.5 (22.4–35.4) | |
| Obesity | 19.2 (15.9–23.0) | 15.1 (11.6–19.5) | 27.4 (20.1–36.1) | |
| Physical activity ‡‡ | ||||
| Physically active | 30.8 (26.2–35.8) | 31.9 (25.8–39.0) | 23.5 (19.3–37.1) | 0.002 |
| Physically inactive | 69.2 (64.2–73.7) | 68.1 (61.0–74.2) | 76.5 (62.9–80.6) | |
| Mental health §§ | ||||
| Anxiety symptoms | 23.4 (19.5–27.7) | 18.9 (14.0–25.0) | 31.6 (25.3–38.6) | 0.005 |
| Depression symptoms | 15.8 (12.7–19.4) | 12.4 (9.0–16.9) | 22.0 (15.7–29.9) | 0.024 |
| Vitamin D supplementation | ||||
| No | 93.8 (91.8–95.3) | 92.5 (90.0–94.4) | 97.8 (95.9–98.8) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 6.2 (4.7–8.2) | 7.5 (5.6–10.0) | 2.2 (1.2–4.1) | |
| Multivitamins or minerals supplementation | ||||
| No | 92.7 (90.4–94.6) | 92.0 (88.9–94.3) | 94.1 (89.9–96.6) | 0.355 |
| Yes | 7.3 (5.4–9.6) | 8.0 (5.7–11.1) | 5.9 (3.4–10.0) | |
| Exposure to sunlight ║║ | ||||
| Sufficient | 64.9 (59.0–70.4) | 66.5 (59.1–71.8) | 61.6 (50.7–71.2) | 0.045 |
| Insufficient | 35.1 (29.6–41.0) | 33.5 (28.2–40.9) | 38.6 (28.8–49.3) | |
BMI, body mass index; MW, minimum wage
Vitamin D concentrations were classified according to the Institute of Medicine as deficient when 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL and sufficient when 25(OH)D ≥20 ng/mL
Pearson χ2 test.
Other race or skin color included Indigenous and Asian.
Not married included widowed, divorced, or single.
Minimum wage value: BRL 1,045.00 ≈ USD 194.25 (1 USD = 5.3797 BRL).
Not working included unemployed, pensioner, or retiree.
Active workers who were working at home.
Poor sleep quality was determined by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ≥ 5.
Chronic diseases were assessed by self-report and included hypertension, diabetes, asthma, lung disease, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and heart or thyroid disease.
Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2 if aged <60 y or BMI <22.0 kg/m2 if aged >60 y), eutrophic (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 if aged <60 y or BMI 22.0–27.9 kg/m2 if aged >60 y), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 if aged <60 y or BMI 28.0–29.9 kg/m2 if aged >60 y), or obese (BMI >30.0 kg/m2).
Physically inactive (<150 min/wk of moderate physical activity or <75 min/wk of vigorous activity).
The seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Patient Health Questionnaire–9 scales were used to determining the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively.
Insufficient exposure to sunlight (<30 min/d) and sufficient (≥30 min/d).