Table 9.
Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of the association of factors with each type of IPV among women of reproductive age in Debre Berhan, 2021 (n = 796).
| Variable | Category | Violence | P-value | COR (95%CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||||||
| Psychological violence | |||||||
| Woman education | No formal education | 59 | 56 | 0.000 | 5.66 (3.25–9.84) | 0.001 | 3.26 (1.66–6.38) |
| Primary education | 109 | 107 | 0.000 | 5.85 (3.57–9.59) | 0.000 | 4.92 (2.73–8.87) | |
| Junior education | 89 | 56 | 0.000 | 3.75 (2.20–6.39) | 0.000 | 3.28 (1.76–6.13) | |
| Secondary education | 103 | 36 | 0.011 | 2.08 (1.19–3.66) | 0.028 | 2.07 (1.08–3.96) | |
| Diploma and above | 155 | 26 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Woman occupation | Farmer | 13 | 1 | 0.066 | 0.15 (0.02–1.14) | 0.001 | 0.02 (0.01–0.20) |
| Labor worker | 51 | 36 | 0.303 | 1.33 (0.77–2.29) | 0.052 | 0.47 (0.22–1.01) | |
| Housewife | 213 | 122 | 0.710 | 1.08 (0.72–1.62) | 0.004 | 0.38 (0.20–0.74) | |
| Trader/petit-trade | 140 | 70 | 0.792 | 0.94 (0.61–1.47) | 0.373 | 0.77 (0.44–1.36) | |
| Govt./NGO employee | 98 | 52 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Woman has own income | No | 280 | 124 | 0.006 | 1.51 (1.13–2.02) | 0.000 | 2.79 (1.71,4.56) |
| Yes | 235 | 157 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Male partner education | No formal education | 34 | 43 | 0.000 | 3.56 (2.09–6.06) | 0.033 | 2.13 (1.06–4.28) |
| Primary education | 109 | 90 | 0.000 | 2.33 (1.56–3.46) | 0.639 | 1.14 (0.66–1.99) | |
| Junior education | 86 | 37 | 0.432 | 1.21 (0.75–1.95) | 0.316 | 0.73 (0.39–1.35) | |
| Secondary education | 103 | 46 | 0.317 | 1.26 (0.80–1.97) | 0.427 | 0.79 (0.43–1.42) | |
| Diploma and above | 183 | 65 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Alcohol habit of the male partner | Yes | 98 | 169 | 0.000 | 6.42 (4.64–8.88) | 0.000 | 6.31 (4.30–9.27) |
| No | 417 | 112 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Physical violence | |||||||
| Woman education | No formal education | 92 | 23 | 0.000 | 8.80 (3.24–23.91) | 0.007 | 4.49 (1.52–13.31) |
| Primary education | 169 | 47 | 0.000 | 9.79 (3.80–25.21) | 0.001 | 5.66 (2.05–15.65) | |
| Junior education | 117 | 28 | 0.000 | 8.42 (3.16–22.44) | 0.001 | 6.17 (2.15–17.70) | |
| Secondary education | 120 | 19 | 0.001 | 5.57 (2.03–15.33) | 0.002 | 5.44 (1.85–16.00) | |
| Diploma and above | 176 | 5 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Woman has own income | No | 323 | 69 | 0.080 | 1.42 (0.96–2.09) | 0.020 | 1.76 (1.09–2.84) |
| Yes | 351 | 53 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Alcohol habit of the male partner | Yes | 177 | 90 | 0.000 | 7.90 (5.09–12.24) | 0.000 | 5.58 (3.46–8.99) |
| No | 497 | 32 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Smoking habit of the male partner | Yes | 42 | 40 | 0.000 | 7.34 (4.50–11.99) | 0.000 | 4.46 (2.51–7.95) |
| No | 632 | 82 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Sexual violence | |||||||
| Woman education | No formal education | 87 | 28 | 0.000 | 4.53 (2.20–9.35) | 0.194 | 1.77 (0.76–4.17) |
| Primary education | 180 | 36 | 0.003 | 2.82 (1.42–5.59) | 0.377 | 1.43 (0.65–3.13) | |
| Junior education | 115 | 30 | 0.000 | 3.67 (1.81–7.47) | 0.005 | 3.19 (1.42–7.14) | |
| Secondary education | 124 | 15 | 0.188 | 1.70 (0.77–3.77) | 0.447 | 1.41 (0.58–3.44) | |
| Diploma and above | 169 | 12 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Woman has own income | No | 355 | 49 | 0.015 | 1.63 (1.10–2.42) | 0.001 | 2.21 (1.37–3.57) |
| Yes | 320 | 72 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Woman access to media | No | 47 | 18 | 0.004 | 2.34 (1.31–4.18) | 0.007 | 2.83 (1.33–6.02) |
| Yes | 628 | 103 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Attitude of women toward IPV | Acceptable | 13 | 12 | 0.000 | 5.61 (2.49–12.61) | 0.000 | 7.35 (2.76–19.62) |
| Not acceptable | 662 | 109 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Male partner education | No formal education | 50 | 27 | 0.000 | 7.34 (3.72–14.47) | 0.000 | 4.90 (2.13–11.25) |
| Primary education | 162 | 37 | 0.000 | 3.10 (1.69–5.70) | 0.387 | 1.40 (0.65–3.02) | |
| Junior education | 105 | 18 | 0.018 | 2.33 (1.16–4.70) | 0.759 | 1.14 (0.50–2.60) | |
| Secondary education | 127 | 22 | 0.012 | 2.35 (1.21–4.60) | 0.419 | 1.39 (0.63–3.08) | |
| Diploma and above | 231 | 17 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Religious belief of the male partner | Weak | 19 | 11 | 0.000 | 6.92 (2.93–16.37) | 0.018 | 3.41 (1.24–9.37) |
| Medium | 393 | 88 | 0.000 | 2.68 (1.64–4.38) | 0.001 | 2.46 (1.42–4.29) | |
| Strong | 263 | 22 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Smoking habit of the male partner | Yes | 53 | 29 | 0.000 | 3.70 (2.24–6.12) | 0.003 | 2.48 (1.35–4.55) |
| No | 622 | 92 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Family size | ≤3 | 237 | 28 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 4–5 | 254 | 46 | 0.095 | 1.53 (0.93–2.53) | 0.039 | 2.08 (1.04–4.17) | |
| ≥ 6 | 184 | 47 | 0.003 | 2.16 (1.30–3.59) | 0.003 | 3.01 (1.44–6.29) | |
IPV, intimate partner violence; COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.