Table 2.

Cases comparison

	JENA (GER)	MINNEAPOLIS (US)	RIDING SUNBEAMS (UK)	BERLIN (GER)	KALMAR (SWE)
Theroetical sampling
Stage in policy development	Governance change	Agenda-setting and governance change	Service implementation	Agenda-setting and governance change	Service implementation and operation
Performance	Weak	Weak	Moderate	Moderate	Good
Effectiveness	–	m	m	m	+
Legitimacy	m	–	+	m	+
Support for the future	–	m	m	+	+
Starting conditions
Prehistory of cooperation or conflict (trust)	+	–	m	–	+
Balanced access to resources and knowledge	+	m	–	–	m
Incentives/interdependence	+	+	m	m	m
Institutional design
Participatory inclusiveness	m	–	–	–	m
Clear ground rules	+	m	–	–	+
Application of said rules	+	m	–	m	+
Process transparency	+	m	–	m	+
Facilitative leadership
Representing stakeholders	m	m	m	m	m
Mitigate conflicts	m	–	m	–	+
Maintaing procedural integrity	–	m	m	m	+
Collaborative process
Face to face dialogue	+	+	+	m	+
Intermediate outcomes (small wins, plans, …)	m	m	+	m	+
Commitment to process	–	m	m	m	m
Shared understanding (mission, definitions, values)	–	–	m	–	+
Trust building	m	–	m	m	+

+: Strong to very strong development of characteristic

m: Moderate development of characteristic

–: Little to no development of characteristic