Table 6.
Normocholesterolemic n = 34 | Hypercholesterolemic n = 30 | P value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPO | HOSO | OPO | HOSO | Oil | N/H | N/H* Oil |
|
CRP (mg/dL) | |||||||
Initial | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | 128.8 ± 4.1 | 39.2 ± 1.7 | 136.9 ± 10.4 | 237.0 ± 6.0 | 0.999 | 0.127 | 0.380 |
IL-1β (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | 5.1 ± 50.1 | 9.9 ± 39.9 | 3.9 ± 31.3 | − 10.0 ± 31.9 | 0.317 | 0.503 | 0.080 |
IL-2 (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 9 ± 6 | 9 ± 4 | 9 ± 5 | 11 ± 5 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | − 0.9 ± 36.3 | 2.6 ± 26.3 | 24.0 ± 65.5 | − 7.7 ± 51.0 | 0.175 | 0.806 | 0.043 |
IL-4 (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 7 ± 3 | 8 ± 2 | 10 ± 5 | 10 ± 5 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | 1.6 ± 27.1 | 2.6 ± 22.0 | 2.4 ± 27.1 | 10.1 ± 35.9 | 0.226 | 0.610 | 0.662 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 5 ± 4 | 5 ± 4 | 5 ± 4 | 6 ± 4 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | − 6.5 ± 23.0 | 2.3 ± 36.8 | 13.9 ± 59.9 | 1.4 ± 35.6 | 0.901 | 0.131 | 0.162 |
IL-7 (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 52 ± 50 | 54 ± 47 | 50 ± 44 | 50 ± 50 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | − 0.3 ± 27.1 | − 3.6 ± 21.4 | 9.3 ± 30.2 | 11.6 ± 32.1 | 0.745 | 0.014 | 0.828 |
IL-8 (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 14 ± 8 | 15 ± 6 | 14 ± 10 | 16 ± 13 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | 18.7 ± 59.6 | 1.2 ± 33.6 | 18.3 ± 57.6 | 5.6 ± 42.5 | 0.133 | 0.792 | 0.839 |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 15 ± 10 | 15 ± 9 | 16 ± 8 | 17 ± 9 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | − 3.1 ± 34.2 | 3.4 ± 23.6 | 3.3 ± 37.9 | − 0.9 ± 32.1 | 0.606 | 0.909 | 0.386 |
IL-12 (p70) (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 7 ± 2 | 6 ± 2 | 13 ± 28 | 12 ± 18 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | 12.9 ± 61.5 | 8.7 ± 57.4 | − 1.4 ± 23.1 | − 12.5 ± 50.3 | 0.937 | 0.027 | 0.378 |
IL-13 (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 4 ± 2 | 4 ± 1 | 5.5 ± 4 | 5.9 ± 4 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | 5.3 ± 37.8 | 12.3 ± 48.1 | 21.6 ± 65.1 | 22.2 ± 70.4 | 0.858 | 0.320 | 0.959 |
IL-17 (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 21 ± 20 | 21 ± 14 | 30 ± 50 | 32 ± 56 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | 8.6 ± 31.4 | − 1.9 ± 25.4 | 9.1 ± 45.6 | 12.5 ± 45.7 | 0.475 | 0.324 | 0.070 |
G-CSF (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 709 ± 1234 | 638 ± 872 | 838 ± 1299 | 852 ± 1295 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | 5.2 ± 42.5 | 5.1 ± 34.9 | 9.1 ± 45.8 | 13.7 ± 44.4 | 0.749 | 0.392 | 0.488 |
GM-CSF (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 4 ± 3 | 3 ± 2 | 6 ± 7 | 6 ± 7 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | − 46.8 ± 72.2 | − 9.7 ± 101.0 | 3.4 ± 90.4 | − 30.8 ± 57.3 | 0.749 | 0.392 | 0.488 |
INFγ (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 6 ± 4 | 5 ± 2 | 8 ± 8 | 8 ± 7 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | 9.2 ± 78.0 | 19.7 ± 80.4 | 26.2 ± 77.7 | 1.6 ± 77.4 | 0.722 | 0.919 | 0.207 |
MCP-1 (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 52 ± 29 | 51 ± 24 | 51 ± 25 | 54 ± 24 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | − 0.7 ± 37.5 | 0.6 ± 29.7 | 9.4 ± 33.0 | 1.4 ± 40.3 | 0.628 | 0.379 | 0.477 |
MIP-1β (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 1496 ± 769 | 1506 ± 828 | 1445 ± 646 | 1403 ± 679 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | 1.5 ± 55.4 | − 2.9 ± 60.6 | 10.1 ± 49.0 | 4.8 ± 53.6 | 0.383 | 0.768 | 0.743 |
TNFα (pg/mL) | |||||||
Initial | 45 ± 49 | 45 ± 47 | 47 ± 49 | 48 ± 50 | |||
Relative changes from initial (%) | 1.6 ± 25.2 | 6.2 ± 15.8 | 6.6 ± 29.7 | 0.3 ± 23.1 | 0.953 | 0.911 | 0.203 |
Values represent the initial (pre-treatment) mean values and relative changes from initial values expressed as percentage ± SD. Relative changes from initial values were calculated from initial and final values as [(final value-initial value)/initial value] and analysed using a linear mixed model. P values in the first column correspond to the effect of taking OPO or HOSO, those of the penultimate column to the effect of the group (NC or HC), and the last column to the interaction of oil and group. Significance level was P < 0.05. CRP C reactive protein, IL interleukin, G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IFNγ interferon gamma, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MIP-1β macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta, TNFα tumour necrosis factor alpha