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. 2022 Sep 24;62(2):589–603. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-03001-y

Table 6.

Effect of olive pomace oil (OPO) and high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) consumption on inflammatory biomarkers

Normocholesterolemic n = 34 Hypercholesterolemic n = 30 P value
OPO HOSO OPO HOSO Oil N/H N/H*
Oil
CRP (mg/dL)
 Initial 0.1 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.2
Relative changes from initial (%) 128.8 ± 4.1 39.2 ± 1.7 136.9 ± 10.4 237.0 ± 6.0 0.999 0.127 0.380
IL-1β (pg/mL)
 Initial 0.7 ± 0.4 0.7 ± 0.3 0.9 ± 1.1 1.0 ± 0.6
 Relative changes from initial (%) 5.1 ± 50.1 9.9 ± 39.9 3.9 ± 31.3 − 10.0 ± 31.9 0.317 0.503 0.080
IL-2 (pg/mL)
 Initial 9 ± 6 9 ± 4 9 ± 5 11 ± 5
 Relative changes from initial (%) − 0.9 ± 36.3 2.6 ± 26.3 24.0 ± 65.5 − 7.7 ± 51.0 0.175 0.806 0.043
IL-4 (pg/mL)
 Initial 7 ± 3 8 ± 2 10 ± 5 10 ± 5
 Relative changes from initial (%) 1.6 ± 27.1 2.6 ± 22.0 2.4 ± 27.1 10.1 ± 35.9 0.226 0.610 0.662
IL-6 (pg/mL)
 Initial 5 ± 4 5 ± 4 5 ± 4 6 ± 4
 Relative changes from initial (%) − 6.5 ± 23.0 2.3 ± 36.8 13.9 ± 59.9 1.4 ± 35.6 0.901 0.131 0.162
IL-7 (pg/mL)
 Initial 52 ± 50 54 ± 47 50 ± 44 50 ± 50
 Relative changes from initial (%) − 0.3 ± 27.1 − 3.6 ± 21.4 9.3 ± 30.2 11.6 ± 32.1 0.745 0.014 0.828
IL-8 (pg/mL)
 Initial 14 ± 8 15 ± 6 14 ± 10 16 ± 13
 Relative changes from initial (%) 18.7 ± 59.6 1.2 ± 33.6 18.3 ± 57.6 5.6 ± 42.5 0.133 0.792 0.839
IL-10 (pg/mL)
 Initial 15 ± 10 15 ± 9 16 ± 8 17 ± 9
 Relative changes from initial (%) − 3.1 ± 34.2 3.4 ± 23.6 3.3 ± 37.9 − 0.9 ± 32.1 0.606 0.909 0.386
IL-12 (p70) (pg/mL)
 Initial 7 ± 2 6 ± 2 13 ± 28 12 ± 18
 Relative changes from initial (%) 12.9 ± 61.5 8.7 ± 57.4 − 1.4 ± 23.1 − 12.5 ± 50.3 0.937 0.027 0.378
IL-13 (pg/mL)
 Initial 4 ± 2 4 ± 1 5.5 ± 4 5.9 ± 4
 Relative changes from initial (%) 5.3 ± 37.8 12.3 ± 48.1 21.6 ± 65.1 22.2 ± 70.4 0.858 0.320 0.959
IL-17 (pg/mL)
 Initial 21 ± 20 21 ± 14 30 ± 50 32 ± 56
 Relative changes from initial (%) 8.6 ± 31.4 − 1.9 ± 25.4 9.1 ± 45.6 12.5 ± 45.7 0.475 0.324 0.070
G-CSF (pg/mL)
 Initial 709 ± 1234 638 ± 872 838 ± 1299 852 ± 1295
 Relative changes from initial (%) 5.2 ± 42.5 5.1 ± 34.9 9.1 ± 45.8 13.7 ± 44.4 0.749 0.392 0.488
GM-CSF (pg/mL)
 Initial 4 ± 3 3 ± 2 6 ± 7 6 ± 7
 Relative changes from initial (%) − 46.8 ± 72.2 − 9.7 ± 101.0 3.4 ± 90.4 − 30.8 ± 57.3 0.749 0.392 0.488
INFγ (pg/mL)
 Initial 6 ± 4 5 ± 2 8 ± 8 8 ± 7
 Relative changes from initial (%) 9.2 ± 78.0 19.7 ± 80.4 26.2 ± 77.7 1.6 ± 77.4 0.722 0.919 0.207
MCP-1 (pg/mL)
 Initial 52 ± 29 51 ± 24 51 ± 25 54 ± 24
 Relative changes from initial (%) − 0.7 ± 37.5 0.6 ± 29.7 9.4 ± 33.0 1.4 ± 40.3 0.628 0.379 0.477
MIP-1β (pg/mL)
 Initial 1496 ± 769 1506 ± 828 1445 ± 646 1403 ± 679
 Relative changes from initial (%) 1.5 ± 55.4 − 2.9 ± 60.6 10.1 ± 49.0 4.8 ± 53.6 0.383 0.768 0.743
TNFα (pg/mL)
 Initial 45 ± 49 45 ± 47 47 ± 49 48 ± 50
 Relative changes from initial (%) 1.6 ± 25.2 6.2 ± 15.8 6.6 ± 29.7 0.3 ± 23.1 0.953 0.911 0.203

Values represent the initial (pre-treatment) mean values and relative changes from initial values expressed as percentage ± SD. Relative changes from initial values were calculated from initial and final values as [(final value-initial value)/initial value] and analysed using a linear mixed model. P values in the first column correspond to the effect of taking OPO or HOSO, those of the penultimate column to the effect of the group (NC or HC), and the last column to the interaction of oil and group. Significance level was P < 0.05. CRP C reactive protein, IL interleukin, G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IFNγ interferon gamma, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MIP-1β macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta, TNFα tumour necrosis factor alpha