Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to frequencies of fresh fruit intake
| Category | All | < 1 time/week | 1–3 times/week | 4–7 times/week | > 7 times/week |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 79,922 | 7873 (9.85) | 24,522 (30.68) | 39,967 (50.01) | 7560 (9.46) |
| Age, years | 55.40 ± 8.72 | 55.98 ± 8.94 | 55.21 ± 8.83 | 55.37 ± 8.59 | 55.61 ± 8.75 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 26,084 (32.64) | 3777 (47.97) | 9446 (38.52) | 10,857 (27.16) | 2004 (26.51) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.35 ± 3.48 | 24.15 ± 8.94 | 24.24 ± 3.44 | 24.39 ± 3.49 | 24.70 ± 3.58 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 83.28 ± 9.49 | 83.04 ± 9.66 | 83.00 ± 9.43 | 83.34 ± 9.47 | 84.09 ± 9.59 |
| SBP, mmHg | 129.19 ± 19.46 | 131.84 ± 19.99 | 130.08 ± 19.51 | 127.98 ± 19.12 | 129.95 ± 20.07 |
| DBP, mmHg | 77.29 ± 10.80 | 78.41 ± 10.97 | 77.57 ± 10.82 | 76.8 ± 10.67 | 77.75 ± 11.07 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| Non-smoker | 68,113 (85.22) | 5745 (72.97) | 19,964 (81.41) | 35,623 (89.13) | 6781 (89.70) |
| Smoker < 10 pieces/d | 1732 (2.17) | 219 (2.78) | 566 (2.31) | 803 (2.01) | 144 (1.90) |
| Smoker 11–19 pieces/d | 3232 (4.04) | 534 (6.78) | 1210 (4.93) | 1285 (3.22) | 203 (2.69) |
| Smoker ≥ 20 pieces/d | 6845 (8.56) | 1375 (17.46) | 2872 (11.34) | 2256 (5.64) | 432 (5.71) |
| Alcohol drinking status, n (%) | |||||
| Non-drinker | 70,864 (88.67) | 6157 (78.20) | 21,181 (86.38) | 36,605 (91.59) | 6921 (91.55) |
| Drinker < 20 g/d | 2029 (2.54) | 261 (3.32) | 654 (2.67) | 938 (2.35) | 176 (2.33) |
| Drinker 20–39 g/d | 1918 (2.40) | 312 (3.96) | 678 (2.76) | 777 (1.94) | 151 (2.00) |
| Drinker ≥ 40 g/d | 5111 (6.39) | 1143 (14.52) | 2009 (8.19) | 1647 (4.12) | 312 (4.13) |
| Physical activity, MET-hr/day | 31.0 (0–46.2) | 11.55 (0–46.2) | 23.1 (0–16.2) | 23.1 (8.25–46.2) | 23.1 (3.3–46.2) |
| Sedentary time ≥ 4 h/day, n (%) | 51,078 (64.63) | 4287 (55.38) | 15,072 (62.09) | 26,890 (68.00) | 4829 (64.68) |
| Education < high school, n (%) | 46,451 (58.12) | 5797 (73.63) | 16,424 (66.98) | 20,467 (51.21) | 3763 (49.78) |
| Family diabetes history, n (%) | 10,029 (12.55) | 676 (8.59) | 2541 (10.36) | 5751 (14.39) | 1061 (14.03) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.26 (0.90–1.81) | 1.24 (0.88–1.80) | 1.25 (0.90–1.81) | 1.27 (0.91–1.81) | 1.28 (0.92–1.82) |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.82 ± 0.86 | 2.72 ± 0.85 | 2.75 ± 0.84 | 2.87 ± 0.87 | 2.91 ± 0.88 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.33 ± 0.35 | 1.33 ± 0.36 | 1.32 ± 0.35 | 1.33 ± 0.35 | 1.34 ± 0.35 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 5.44 ± 0.53 | 5.46 ± 0.53 | 5.43 ± 0.52 | 5.43 ± 0.53 | 5.46 ± 0.51 |
| 2hPBG, mmol/L | 6.81 ± 1.64 | 6.75 ± 1.68 | 6.75 ± 1.65 | 6.85 ± 1.63 | 6.84 ± 1.64 |
| HbA1c, % in NGSP value | 5.69 ± 0.38 | 5.68 ± 0.28 | 5.67 ± 0.38 | 5.71 ± 0.38 | 5.70 ± 0.38 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 38.72 ± 4.17 | 38.60 ± 4.18 | 38.46 ± 4.19 | 38.89 ± 4.17 | 38.81 ± 4.11 |
Continues variables are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD), or medians (inter-quartile ranges) for skewed variables, or number (proportions) for categorical variables
BMI body mass index; SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; MET metabolic equivalent task; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG fasting blood glucose; 2 h PBG 2 h post OGTT loading blood glucose; HbA1c hemoglobin A1c. HbA1c (mmol/mol) = [HbA1c (% in NGSP value) − 2.15] × 10.929