TABLE 1.
Evidence of doxorubicin-induced autophagy in the heart.
| Model | Targets | Autophagy | Treatment/Effect on DIC | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NRCM; C57BL/6J mice | AMPK ↑ | Increase | Ghrelin/protection | Wang et al. (2014) |
| LC3-II ↑ | 3-MA/protection | |||
| Atg 5, 6, 8, 12↑ | Compound C/protection | |||
| H9C2 cells, C57BL/6J mice | Beclin 1 ↑ | Increase | Ophiopogonin-D/protection | Zhang et al. (2015) |
| LC3II/I ↑ | 3-MA/protection | |||
| NRCMs | GATA4 ↓ | Increase | 3-MA/protection | Kobayashi et al. (2010) |
| Bcl-2 ↓ | Rapamycin/susceptibility | |||
| LC3-II ↑ autophagy flux ↑ | ||||
| C57BL/6 J mice; NRCM; H9C2 | LC3-II ↑ | Decrease | Beclin1+/−/protection | Li et al. (2016) |
| Lysosomal cathepsins ↓ | Beclin1 overexpression/susceptibility | |||
| BafA1/protection | ||||
| SD Rat; ARCM; AMCM; NRCM; H9C2 | TFEB ↓ | Decrease | TFEB overexpression/protection | Bartlett et al. (2016) |
| Cathepsin B ↓ | Torin 1/protection | |||
| SD Rat; NRCM; H9C2 | AMPK ↓ mTOR ↑ | Decrease | Astragalus polysaccharides/protection | Cao et al. (2017) |
| LC3-II ↓ | ||||
| Autophagic flux ↓ |
NRCM, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes; ARCM, adult rat cardiomyocytes; 3-MA, 3-methyl adenine; BafA1, bafilomycin one; AMCM, adult mice cardiomyocytes; TFEB, transcription factor EB; LC3-II, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain three; Atg, autophagy-related protein; SD, sprague dawley; ↓ decrease, ↑ increase.