TABLE 2.

Chemical modifications of inhibitory oligonucleotides.

Name	Mechanism	Properties	References
Phosphorothioate (PS)	RNase H1 cleavage	Enzymatic stability	Shen and Corey (2018)
2′-O-methyl (2′-O-Me)	Steric hindrance/splice modulation	Higher binding affinity, enzymatic stability, reduced immune stimulation	Odeh et al. (2019)
2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-O-MOE)	Steric hindrance/splice modulation	Higher binding affinity, enzymatic stability, reduced immune stimulation
Locked nucleic acid (LNA)	Steric hindrance/RNase H1 cleavage	Higher binding affinity, enzymatic stability	Quemener et al. (2022)
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA)	Steric hindrance/splice modulation	Enzymatic stability, higher binding affinity, no immune activation
Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMO)	Steric hindrance/splice modulation	Improved aqueous solubility, higher binding affinity