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. 2023 Feb 19;51(2):03000605231155777. doi: 10.1177/03000605231155777

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© The Author(s) 2023

Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 2. — Graphical representation of marrow-derived stem cell (MSC) therapy for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. MSCs are collected from bone marrow, amplified in vitro, and then cultured under various conditions to differentiate into nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. The differentiated cells are then seeded on a biomaterial or scaffold and the substitute is injected into the target IVD.