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Changes in carotid β-stiffness index (upper panel), normalized cerebral blood flow (nCBF) (middle panel), and normalized cerebrovascular resistance (nCVR) (lower panel) after one-year stretching-and-toning or aerobic exercise training. Thin lines represent individual changes. Triangles show mean values and the error bars represent standard deviations. ∗p < 0.05 compared with baseline after Bonferroni correction.
