Table 2.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and systemic and carotid hemodynamic measurements by groups.

	Stretching-and-toning		Aerobic exercise training		Effect p-values
	Baseline	12-month	Baseline	12-month	Time	Group	Time × Group
$\dot{\text{V}}$ O2peak
(mL/min)	1.58 ± 0.27	1.62 ± 0.27	1.59 ± 0.44	1.70 ± 0.44	0.001	0.625	0.130
(mL/kg/min)	21.7 ± 3.5	22.5 ± 3.8	22.7 ± 3.7	24.9 ± 4.0*†	<0.001	0.088	0.034
Body mass (kg)	73.5 ± 11.0	72.8 ± 10.9	69.6 ± 12.4	68.6 ± 13.1	0.023	0.219	0.643
Systemic hemodynamics
Heart rate (bpm)	61.5 ± 7.3	63.2 ± 8.7	62.6 ± 7.4	60.2 ± 7.5*	0.670	0.644	0.005
Systolic BP (mmHg)	114.1 ± 11.6	114.7 ± 12.1	116.0 ± 11.6	113.8 ± 10.0	0.613	0.842	0.380
MAP (mmHg)	87.6 ± 7.7	86.2 ± 8.2	87.3 ± 8.1	85.5 ± 6.9	0.122	0.803	0.823
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	69.5 ± 5.9	68.2 ± 6.9	68.5 ± 7.3	67.9 ± 7.1	0.271	0.686	0.696
Carotid hemodynamics
Systolic BP (mmHg)	113.0 ± 12.6	112.5 ± 11.8	113.2 ± 13.0	110.0 ± 9.6	0.270	0.676	0.426
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	43.5 ± 10.0	44.2 ± 11.8	44.7 ± 10.5	42.1 ± 8.0	0.489	0.843	0.213
β-stiffness index (a.u.)	10.75 ± 2.47	10.55 ± 2.23	10.81 ± 2.64	9.56 ± 2.60*	0.005	0.460	0.042
cfPWV (m/sec)	8.99 ± 1.80	8.89 ± 1.41	8.99 ± 1.95	8.63 ± 1.99	0.264	0.774	0.540
IMT (mm)	0.71 ± 0.13	0.73 ± 0.13	0.69 ± 0.09	0.68 ± 0.10	0.665	0.245	0.138

Data are mean ± standard deviation. Effects are terms reported from individual ANOVA models. BP: blood pressure; bpm: beats per minute; cfPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; IMT: intima-media thickness; MAP: mean arterial pressure; $\dot{\text{V}}$ O_2peak: peak oxygen consumption. Bold values represent p < 0.05 for each of individual ANOVA models. * represents p < 0.05 compared with baseline and † represents p < 0.05 compared with stretching-and-toning after the Bonferroni correction.