Table 3.
Cerebral hemodynamic measurements and brain tissue volume by groups.
| Stretching-and-toning |
Aerobic exercise training |
Effect p-values |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12-month | Baseline | 12-month | Time | Group | Time ×Group | |
| Global volumetric CBF and CVR | |||||||
| Total CBF (mL/min) | 600.9 ± 70.1 | 599.5 ± 66.3 | 584.7 ± 61.2 | 611.1 ± 60.2* | 0.015 | 0.889 | 0.007 |
| ICA (mL/min) | 441.0 ± 64.5 | 434.7 ± 66.3 | 431.8 ± 62.1 | 453.2 ± 58.9* | 0.157 | 0.774 | 0.011 |
| VA (mL/min) | 159.9 ± 42.8 | 164.8 ± 41.7 | 152.9 ± 42.5 | 157.8 ± 46.7 | 0.162 | 0.535 | 0.989 |
| nCBF (mL/100 g/min) | 47.7 ± 5.0 | 47.9 ± 5.3 | 47.6 ± 4.6 | 50.4 ± 5.0* | 0.001 | 0.382 | 0.002 |
| CVR (mmHg/mL/min) | 0.148 ± 0.021 | 0.145 ± 0.020 | 0.151 ± 0.020 | 0.141 ± 0.017 | 0.009 | 0.917 | 0.096 |
| nCVR (mmHg/mL/100 g/min) | 1.85 ± 0.28 | 1.83 ± 0.27 | 1.86 ± 0.26 | 1.72 ± 0.25* | 0.002 | 0.497 | 0.025 |
| CBF velocity at the middle cerebral artery | |||||||
| CBF velocity (cm/sec) | 54.4 ± 12.2 | 55.7 ± 11.4 | 50.7 ± 10.9 | 53.1 ± 10.2 | 0.016 | 0.359 | 0.458 |
| CVRi (mmHg/cm/sec) | 1.67 ± 0.41 | 1.62 ± 0.41 | 1.77 ± 0.42 | 1.66 ± 0.35 | 0.022 | 0.594 | 0.343 |
| Pulsatility index (%) | 98.5 ± 12.4 | 102.2 ± 16.3 | 100.9 ± 12.5 | 101.1 ± 13.1 | 0.117 | 0.877 | 0.151 |
| End-tidal CO2 (mmHg) | 37.1± 3.1 | 36.2 ± 3.3 | 36.7 ± 3.9 | 36.5 ± 3.1 | 0.152 | 0.968 | 0.353 |
| Brain tissue volume (mL) | |||||||
| Total brain | 1185 ± 85 | 1179 ± 87 | 1165 ± 106 | 1155 ± 110 | 0.005 | 0.419 | 0.396 |
| Total GM | 691 ± 40 | 683 ± 38 | 679 ± 51 | 676 ± 53 | 0.004 | 0.443 | 0.307 |
| Total WM | 473 ± 54 | 475 ± 57 | 465 ± 59 | 459 ± 60 | 0.455 | 0.462 | 0.081 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation. Effects are terms reported from individual ANOVA models. CBF: cerebral blood flow; CVR: cerebrovascular resistance; CVRi: CVR index; GM: gray matter; ICA: internal carotid artery; nCBF and nCVR: normalized CBF and CVR by total brain tissue mass measured by magnetic resonance imaging; VA: vertebral artery; WM: white matter. Note that CBF velocity at the middle cerebral artery was available for 22 participants in stretching-and-toning and 21 in aerobic exercise training groups. Bold values represent p < 0.05 for each of individual ANOVA models. * represents p < 0.05 compared with baseline after the Bonferroni correction for post hoc comparisons.