Table 4.
Neurocognitive testing scores by groups.
| Stretching-and-toning |
Aerobic exercise training |
Effect p-values |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12-month | Baseline | 12-month | Time | Group | Time × Group | |
| ETS letter sets | 15.0 ± 5.6 | 15.9 ± 5.5 | 16.5 ± 4.1 | 17.9 ± 4.2 | 0.027 | 0.159 | 0.663 |
| PRM accuracies | 0.78 ± 0.14 | 0.82 ± 0.14 | 0.83 ± 0.11 | 0.85 ± 0.10 | 0.003 | 0.242 | 0.315 |
| LM immediate recalls | 27.6 ± 6.4 | 30.3 ± 5.3 | 27.4 ± 5.7 | 31.9 ± 5.4 | <0.001 | 0.590 | 0.237 |
| LM delayed recalls | 24.9 ± 6.9 | 28.1 ± 6.0 | 24.8 ± 6.4 | 30.5 ± 5.7 | <0.001 | 0.456 | 0.138 |
| WJ immediate recalls | 50.7 ± 8.0 | 58.7 ± 9.3 | 51.0 ± 12.0 | 61.2 ± 9.2 | <0.001 | 0.579 | 0.291 |
| WJ delayed recalls | 21.1 ± 7.6 | 27.5 ± 6.9 | 19.9 ± 9.1 | 27.4 ± 7.7 | <0.001 | 0.753 | 0.532 |
| Digit comparison | 54.8 ± 10.5 | 54.5 ± 10.1 | 57.0 ± 8.6 | 57.6 ± 10.0 | 0.885 | 0.328 | 0.521 |
| Letter number sequencing | 10.5 ± 2.0 | 10.7 ± 1.8 | 10.6 ± 2.2 | 10.4 ± 2.8 | 0.876 | 0.821 | 0.476 |
| Operation span | 14.8 ± 5.4 | 16.2 ± 6.5 | 13.2 ± 6.6 | 16.4 ± 7.4 | 0.014 | 0.685 | 0.324 |
| COWAT-FAS | 37.7 ± 10.6 | 44.6 ± 13.3 | 34.3 ± 8.3 | 39.5 ± 8.4 | <0.001 | 0.125 | 0.361 |
| ETS vocabulary | 21.0 ± 6.9 | 21.6 ± 7.4 | 20.2 ± 4.9 | 21.1 ± 5.9 | 0.019 | 0.719 | 0.735 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation. COWAT-FAS: Controlled Word Association FAS; ETS: educational testing service; LM: logical memory; RPM: Raven’s Progressive Matrices; WJ: Woodcock-Johnson. Higher cognitive test scores indicate better performance. Bold values represent p < 0.05 for each of individual ANOVA models.