Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants according to cooking and heating fuel types and smoking status.
| Cooking (n = 185,077)a |
Heating (n = 95,228)a |
Smoking (n = 230,995)b |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clean fuels | Solid fuels | Clean fuels | Solid fuels | Never | Former | Current | |
| No. Of participants, n (%)c | 124,495 (67.3) | 60,582 (32.7) | 59,999 (63.0) | 35,229 (37.0) | 150,274 (65.1) | 8415 (3.6) | 72,306 (31.3) |
| Age, year (SD) | 51.3 (10.3) | 52.8 (10.4) | 50.5 (10.6) | 52.1 (10.9) | 50.9 (10.4) | 56.6 (10.9) | 51.7 (10.3) |
| Men, n (%) | 18,441 (14.8) | 5311 (8.8) | 13,467 (22.4) | 16,318 (46.3) | 28,820 (19.2) | 7890 (93.8) | 69,450 (96.1) |
| Urban area, n (%) | 103,949 (83.5) | 11,555 (19.1) | 55,228 (92.0) | 17,513 (49.7) | 117,765 (78.4) | 5993 (71.2) | 44,885 (62.1) |
| Middle school and above, n (%) | 79,668 (56.6) | 14,625 (39.2) | 49,880 (80.7) | 20,487 (64.3) | 95,600 (65.3) | 5339 (61.7) | 43,738 (57.1) |
| Married, n (%) | 110,911 (89.4) | 54,265 (88.9) | 53,601 (90.3) | 32,065 (89.2) | 135,033 (91.8) | 7847 (91.4) | 67,880 (88.8) |
| Employed, n (%) | 65,313 (57.0) | 51,719 (79.5) | 33,129 (59.2) | 21,640 (53.8) | 86,024 (64.2) | 5021 (61.0) | 56,900 (64.1) |
| Household income ≥20,000 Yuan/y, n (%) | 75,370 (56.7) | 19,495 (35.1) | 37,348 (59.5) | 12,479 (38.5) | 91,000 (61.6) | 5196 (60.4) | 42,048 (55.5) |
| All or some cookstoves with ventilation, n (%) | 111,737 (86.1) | 44,424 (82.0) | 57,418 (91.6) | 25,430 (81.7) | 133,055 (88.4) | 7530 (87.9) | 61,970 (87.1) |
| Passive smoking, n (%) | 95,725 (77.1) | 48,893 (80.4) | 47,300 (74.6) | 24,628 (76.7) | 112,344 (68.1) | 5359 (75.3) | 48,830 (77.4) |
| Alcohol consumption with pure alcohol intake ≥30g/d, n (%)d | 3567 (3.1) | 2557 (3.6) | 2482 (4.4) | 1785 (4.6) | 4772 (7.3) | 2336 (14.4) | 22,710 (15.6) |
| Physical activity, MET-h/d (SD) | 20.2 (12.7) | 23.4 (13.3) | 18.4 (11.0) | 18.4 (13.9) | 21.0 (13.2) | 20.9 (14.7) | 21.3 (15.0) |
| Food consumption daily, n (%) | |||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 121,088 (97.3) | 56,828 (93.6) | 59,151 (97.7) | 33,627 (97.2) | 145,741 (97.1) | 8177 (97.1) | 69,741 (96.2) |
| Fresh fruits | 45,993 (31.3) | 3713 (12.3) | 33,239 (48.6) | 9992 (36.6) | 52,161 (31.2) | 2410 (31.9) | 12,805 (23.4) |
| Red meat | 55,211 (37.5) | 8839 (26.1) | 31,508 (47.4) | 11,440 (39.8) | 64,929 (42.6) | 3730 (44.2) | 31,842 (45.3) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (SD) | 24.1 (3.3) | 23.3 (3.3) | 24.3 (3.3) | 24.6 (3.6) | 24.0 (3.3) | 24.4 (3.2) | 23.6 (3.2) |
MET-h/d indicates metabolic equivalent task hours per day.
All variables were presented as mean (standard deviation) or number (percentage). Baseline characteristics were adjusted for age, sex, and study area, except in the cases where age, sex, or study area was the independent variable of interest.
Clean fuels refer to electricity, gas, or central heating (for heating only); solid fuels refer to coal and wood.
Participants who had stopped smoking due to illness were classified as current smokers.
The numbers in parentheses indicate the percentage of participants who used different fuel types or were in different smoking statuses.
Former drinkers are those who used to drink at least once weekly but drank less than weekly at baseline and were included in the current category.