Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality and life expectancy (LE) difference (95% CI) at age 30 by baseline cooking and heating fuel types and smoking status in urban and rural areas separately.
| Men |
Women |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths | Deaths/PYs (/1000) | HRs (95% CIs) | Deaths | Deaths/PYs (/1000) | HRs (95% CIs) | |
| Urban area | ||||||
| Cooking (n = 115,504)a | ||||||
| Clean fuels | 1527 | 8.1 | 1.00 (Referent) | 4637 | 4.4 | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Solid fuels | 209 | 14.1 | 1.21 (1.00, 1.46) | 993 | 8.2 | 1.10 (1.00, 1.20) |
| Heating (n = 72,741)a | ||||||
| Clean fuels | 1229 | 8.7 | 1.00 (Referent) | 2307 | 4.5 | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Solid fuels | 387 | 9.4 | 1.31 (1.11, 1.54) | 962 | 5.9 | 1.17 (1.05, 1.31) |
| Smoking (n = 168,643)b | ||||||
| Never | 1996 | 8.0 | 1.00 (Referent) | 5134 | 4.5 | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Former | 773 | 12.2 | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18) | 97 | 20.0 | 1.27 (1.04, 1.56) |
| Current | 4831 | 9.8 | 1.51 (1.43, 1.60) | 395 | 16.8 | 1.48 (1.33, 1.65) |
| Rural area | ||||||
| Cooking (n = 69,573)a | ||||||
| Clean fuels | 181 | 6.9 | 1.00 (Referent) | 841 | 3.7 | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Solid fuels | 684 | 15.0 | 1.29 (1.07, 1.55) | 3653 | 6.7 | 1.12 (1.03, 1.22) |
| Heating (n = 22,487)a | ||||||
| Clean fuels | 94 | 5.9 | 1.00 (Referent) | 136 | 3.3 | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Solid fuels | 1845 | 12.5 | 1.38 (1.04, 1.84) | 571 | 9.9 | 1.22 (0.91, 1.64) |
| Smoking (n = 62,352)b | ||||||
| Never | 730 | 8.3 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1108 | 3.6 | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Former | 284 | 10.4 | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) | 19 | 20.7 | 1.40 (0.87, 2.24) |
| Current | 3379 | 10.8 | 1.19 (1.10, 1.29) | 132 | 15.3 | 1.19 (0.98, 1.46) |
HR indicates hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Multivariable model was adjusted for the same covariates as in Table 2.
a
Clean fuels refer to electricity, gas, or central heating (for heating only); solid fuels refer to coal and wood.
b
Participants who had stopped smoking due to illness were classified as current smokers.