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. 2023 Feb 10;49(3):59. doi: 10.3892/or.2023.8496

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Copyright: © Castro-Muñoz et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Figure 1. — Six epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression. (1) Nuclear dynamics: The structural and three-dimensional organization of the genome in the nucleus, and short- and long-range interconnected transcriptional regulation, which impacts gene expression. (2) DNA methylation: The addition of a methyl group to cytosine nucleotides by DNA methyltransferases, which induces transcriptional repression. (3) Covalent histone modification: The addition of chemical groups to the amino terminus of histones, which can increase or decrease DNA compaction. (4) ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes: Insertion, removal and displacement of nucleosomes along the DNA through ATP hydrolysis to regulate DNA accessibility. (5) Histone variants: Histone chaperones exchange canonical histones for histone variants (H2A.Z, H2A.X, H3.3 and CENP-A). (6) Non-coding RNA: Non-coding RNA expression promotes transcriptional silencing. Overall, this enables chromatin structure modification to regulate gene expression. Ac, acetyl group; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; Me, methyl group; miRNA, microRNA.