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. 2023 Feb 21;22:37. doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01745-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Samples and components for liquid biopsy of RCC. Liquid biopsy for RCC mainly uses blood and urine samples comprising CTCs, cfDNA/ctDNA, cfRNA, proteins, metabolites, and exosomes. Due to its non-invasiveness, liquid biopsy can be used to collect patient information continuously and plays multiple roles at different stages of disease. It can screen patients with RCC in the healthy population and identify urological masses for differential diagnosis. Before treatment, liquid biopsy can predict the risk of progression to identify high-risk patients and predict the response of patients to various treatments, which helps to select the appropriate treatment plan. After treatment, liquid biopsy allows real-time monitoring of patient outcomes and prevention of postoperative recurrence and metastasis