Table 1.

LncRNAs and their functions in immune-related signaling pathway

LncRNA	Type of cancer	Mechanism	Function	Immune checkpoints	References
LncMX1-215	HNSCC	Interrupting H3K27 acetylation	Inhibit proliferation and invasion	Downregulate PD-L1	[79]
SNHG14	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Sponge miR-5590-3p	Promote EMT	Upregulate PD-L1	[80]
IFITM4P	OSCC cytoplasm	recruit SASH1, increase NF-κB phosphorylation	Oral carcinogenesis	Upregulate PD-L1	[82]
	OSCC nucleus	reduce PTEN transcription
CRNDE	OSCC	Sponge miR-545-5p	CD8 + T-cell exhaustion	Upregulate TIM3	[83]
PD-L1-lnc	LUAD	Enhancing c-Myc transcriptional activity	Increases proliferation and invasion		[89]
C5orf64	LUAD	NA	TME modulation	Upregulate PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4	[88]
MALAT1	LUAD	Sponge miR-200a-3p	Increases proliferation and invasion	Upregulate PD-L1	[93]
CASC11	HCC	Activation of NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway	Promote proliferation, mobility, and glucose metabolism	Upregulate PD-L1	[95]
SNHG3	HCC	Sponge miR-214-3p	Immune cell infiltration	Upregulate PD-L1	[97]
Ac099850.3	HCC	Target PRR11/PI3K/AKT pathway	Promote proliferation and invasion	Upregulate PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, and CTLA4	[98]
PCED1B-AS1	HCC	Sponge miR-194-5p	Induce PD-Ls-mediated immunosuppression	ipregulate PD-L1, PD-L2	[99]
MIAT	HCC	NA	Promote immune escape	Upregulate PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4	[96]
RP11-424C20.2	HCC	Sponge miR-378a-3p	Regulate immune infiltration		[100]
KCNQ1OT1	HCC	Sponge miR-506	Contribute immune escape	Upregulate PD-L1	[101]
ANRIL	HCC	Target miR-203	Decrease the percentages of NK cells and T cells		[102]
NEAT1	HCC	Sponge miR-155	Inhibit the antitumor activity of CD8 + T cell	Upregulate TIM	[103]
LINK-A	TNBC	Enhance degradation of the PLC, Rb and p53	Downregulate cancer cell antigen presentation and intrinsic tumor suppression		[107]
GATA3-AS1	TNBC	Sponge miR-676-3p	Inhibit PD-L1 ubiquitination	Upregulate PD-L1	[108]
NKILA	Breast cancer	Inhibiting NF-κB activity	Sensitize T cells to activation-induced cell death		[110]
FENDRR	Breast cancer And CRC	Enhance the inflammatory and WNT signaling pathways	Immune activation		[111]
TM4F1-AS1	Stomach adenocarcinoma	NA	Decrease proportion of CD8 + T cells		[113]
SNHG15	Stomach adenocarcinoma	Sponge miR141	Promote immune escape	Upregulate PD-L1	[114]
MIR17HG	CRC	Sponge miR-375, decrease NF-κB/RELA expression	Promote metastasis		[37]
SNHG29	CRC	Degradation of YAP protein	Promotes anti-tumor immunity	Upregulate PD-L1	[118]
LINC00657	CRC	Sponge miR1224-3p and miR-338-5p	Impair the cytotoxicity of CD8 + T cells		[119]
LINC00657	CRC	Sponge miR-203a	Promotion of stem cell-like cell invasion ability		[120]
NEAT1	GBM	Induce NF-κB signal pathway	Promoted immune escape	Upregulate PD-L1	[123]
PCAT6	CCA	Sponge miR-326	Induce the accumulation of ROS, mitochondria and metabolic dysfunction in macrophages		[124]