Fig. 5.

DI supplementation partially ameliorated gut microbiome alternation in mice on HF diet. Fecal microbiome composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (n = 6). a Shannon index. b Chao1 index. c Composition of abundant bacterial phyla. d–f Relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. g Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) showing the most significantly abundant taxa enriched in microbiome from the HF+DI group compared to the HF+Veh group. h The heatmap of relative abundance of genera associated with the production of butyrate. The intensity of color in the heatmap (blue to red) indicates the normalized abundance score for each genus. i–k The relative serum levels of acetate, propionate, and butyrate (n = 6). l Predicted KEGG functional pathways associated with Alzheimer’s disease and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis at level 3 inferred from 16S rRNA gene sequences using PICRUSt. Values are mean ± SEM. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001. Abbreviations: p, phylum; c, class; o, order; f, family; g, genus