Table 1.
Some of the AMR studies from different nations during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Secondary Infection | Country of study | Year | Settings | Number of patients | Resistance | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. coli, Klebsiella, S. aureus (MSSA), S. aureus (MRSA), P. aeruginosa. and Enterobacter species | Iran | 2020 | Outpatients/inpatients | 340 | Cotrimoxazole, piperacillin, ceftazidime, and cefepime | [9] |
| A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, and S. maltophilia. | China | 2020 | ICU | 102 | Carbapenem- and Methicillin | [19] |
| K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, S. maltophilia, C. albicans, and Pseudomonas spp. | China | 2020 | ICU | 190 | Carbapenem | [20] |
| A. baumannii. | Iran | 2020 | ICU | 19 | colistin | [14] |
|
K. pneumoniae and 4 Enterobacter cloacae |
USA | 2020 | ICU | 13 | ceftazidime/avibactam | [21] |
| A. baumannii, and K. pneumonia. | India | 2021 | ICU | 750 | MDR, Carbapenem 47 % | [22] |
| Acinetobacter spp. | Serbia | 2021 | ICU | 611 | imipenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin | [23] |
| K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii. | Egypt | 2021 | ICU | 197 | (PDR)K. pneumoniae, and (MDR) A. baumannii | [24] |
| E. coli and K. pneumonia | Pakistan | 2021 | ICU | 856 | E. coli to ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. K. pneumoniae to ampicillin and amoxycillin | [25] |
| S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa | Italy | 2021 | Outpatients/inpatients | 255 | oxacillin, vancomycin, carbapenems, colistin, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. | [26] |
| A. baumannii and E. coli | India | 2021 | ICU | 7309 | MDR | [27] |
| E. coli | Indonesia | 2021 | Outpatients/inpatients | 148 | ofloxacin, aztreonam, Fosfomycin, piperacillin, amoxicillin, cefadroxil, and ampicillin |
[28] |
|
E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa. |
Turkey | 2021 | Outpatients/inpatients | 3532 | SBL producing Enterobacterales MDR |
[29] |
|
E. coli, A. baumannii,K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and E. faecalis. |
Italy | 2021 | ICU | 89 | MDR | [30] |
|
A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae. E. coli and P. aeruginosa |
Saudi Arabia |
2022 | Outpatients/inpatients | 108 | piperacillin/tazobactam and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. |
[31] |
|
K. pneumonia and A. baumannii |
Iran | 2022 | ICU | 553 | carbapenem-resistant | [32] |
| Acinetobacter spa | Iran | 2022 | ICU | 38 | amikacin, gentamycin, imipenem, and cefixime. |
[33] |
|
A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and E. faecium |
Turkey | 2022 | ICU | 119 | tigecycline. | [34] |
|
K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii. |
India | 2022 | inpatients | 122 | Carbapenem | [35] |