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. 2023 Feb 17;16:565–580. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S402206

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© 2023 Smail et al.

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Comparison of oxidative stress biomarkers among HCs and groups of COVID-19 patients. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used for the comparison of (a) MDA and (b) NO. Dunn’s test was applied as a post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. ***p-value < 0.001 and ****p-value < 0.0001.

Abbreviations: HCs, healthy controls; MDA, malondialdehyde; NS, non-significant; NO, nitric oxide.