Table 2.
Comparison of Different Parameters Among Healthy Controls and Different Groups of COVID-19 Patients
| Parameters | HCs Median (IQR) | Mild Median (IQR) | Severe Median (IQR) | Critical Median (IQR) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 60 | 54 | 40 | 26 | - |
| Age | 37.00 (26.00 −47.00) | 40.00 (32.00–48.00) | 48.00 (39.75–55.75) | 55.00 (53.00–67.50) | <0.0001 |
| Gender (m/f) | 26/34 | 30/24 | 22/18 | 8/18 | - |
| CRP (mg/l) | 0.4500 (0.330–0.790) | 1.110 (0.670–2.400) | 53.46 (23.89–88.53) | 57.60 (45.49–82.03) | <0.0001 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | - | 312.2 (234.3–367.6) | 600.0 (489.2–689.5) | 689.6 (591.2–887.2) | <0.0001 |
| D-dimer | - | 0.3200 (0.2200–0.4900) | 2.520 (1.768–18.11) | 42.67 (17.78–75.47) | <0.0001 |
| Lymphocyte (10^9/l) | - | 1.900 (1.700–2.500) | 1.050 (0.825–1.700) | 0.800 (0.650–1.250) | <0.0001 |
| Neutrophil (10^9/l) | - | 7.300 (5.700–7.800) | 9.850 (8.050–11.45) | 14.70 (11.70–17.85) | <0.0001 |
| NLR | - | 3.722 (2.714–4.333) | 9.976 (7.113–12.53) | 15.75 (10.72–1.80) | <0.0001 |
| SpO2 (%) | - | 95.00 (94.00–97.00) | 57.50 (46.25–84.25) | 45.00 (35.50–65.00) | <0.0001 |
| Copper (μmol/L) | 8.012 (1.321–10.06) | 10.91 (3.409–17.40) | 15.83 (12.27–19.41) | 18.90 (12.15–27.15) | <0.0001 |
| Zinc (μg /dL) | 82.71 (67.78–104.5) | 52.24 (41.04–57.21) | 64.67 (44.77–74.62) | 55.97 (45.40–62.19) | <0.0001 |
| MDA (μmol/L) | 18.47 (17.58–19.89) | 19.36 (14.64–21.05) | 16.51 (15.51–20.76) | 27.75 (21.05–36.42) | <0.0001 |
| NO (µmol/L) | 29.52 (24.55–34.74) | 33.75 28.06–40.76) | 58.71 (54.06–62.31) | 78.53 (60.64–109.6) | <0.0001 |
| SOD activity (U/mL) | 0.720 (1.480–0.131) | 0.693 (1.043–0.133) | 0.157 (0.667–0.0350) | 0.570 (0.765–0.158) | 0.0007 |
| GPx activity (mU/mL) | 17.96 (16.98–19.21) | 18.50 (17.41–19.37) | 18.28 (16.98–18.72) | 20.02 (16.87–24.37) | 0.097 |
| Catalase activity (nmol / min / mL) | 0.544 (1.546–0.099) | 0.544 (1.542–0.105) | 0.644 (1.431–0.144) | 0.435 (1.220–0.120) | 0.203 |
| TAC (mmol Fe+2 / L) | 0.067 (0.049–0.081) | 0.05367 (0.044–0.060) | 0.051 (0.018–0.068) | 0.059 (0.040–0.067) | 0.030 |
| Vitamin C (µg/mL) | 32.15 (27.92–36.86) | 33.80 (25.17–40.40) | 35.31 (25.85–39.27) | 32.97 (26.23_38.54) | 0.916 |
Notes: The Kruskal–Wallis test was used for comparison between groups. Dunn’s multiple comparisons test was applied as post-hoc test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; D-dimer, fibrin degradation product; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; HCs, healthy controls; IQR, Interquartile range; MDA, malondialdehyde; n, number of participants; NO, nitric oxide; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; SOD, superoxide dismutase; SpO2, oxygen saturation; TAC, total antioxidant capacity.