Table 5.

Adjusted prevalence ratios for psychological distress and self-harming behaviors by direct and indirect exposure to violence

	Psychological distress		Non-suicidal self-injury		Suicidal ideation		Suicide attempt
Exposure Group	aPR	95% CI p-value	aPR	95% CI p-value	aPR	95% CI p-value	aPR	95% CI p-value
National Sample
Neither witnessed violence nor directly victimized	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Witnessed violence, not directly victimized	1.78	(1.28, 2.49)	1.76	(0.89, 3.46)	4.44	(2.04, 9.65)	6.44	(2.69, 15.44)
Violently victimized, did not witness violence	1.81	(1.18, 2.80)	2.02	(0.71, 5.79)	9.44	(4.63, 19.27)	15.03	(4.24, 53.24)
Witnessed and directly victimized by violence	2.18	(1.62, 2.94)	3.48	(1.51, 8.02)	10.35	(4.92, 21.76)	29.05	(12.51, 67.46)
Priority Sample
Neither witnessed violence nor directly victimized	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Witnessed violence, not directly victimized	1.43	(1.07, 1.91)	1.93	(1.06, 3.52)	3.38	(1.80, 6.36)	3.25	(1.24, 8.51)
Violently victimized, did not witness violence	1.43	(0.93, 2.20)	2.16	(0.96, 4.86)	1.09	(0.39, 3.00)	1.71	(0.47, 6.24)
Witnessed and directly victimized by violence	2.39	(1.84, 3.11)	7.25	(4.08, 12.90)	9.00	(4.96, 16.31)	6.56	(2.62, 16.45)

aPR: adjusted prevalence ratio; CI: confidence interval

All models adjusted for: age, sex, education level, and food insecurity