TABLE 1.
Study sites, sampling approach, and selected site characteristics
| World region | Site | Sample size |
Season | Sampling strategy | Primary source of drinking water (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | Kahemba, DRC | 392 | Dry season | Cluster random | Surface water (99.7) |
| Bahir Dar, Ethiopia | 259 | Rainy season | Stratified random | Unprotected dug well (25.1) | |
| Accra, Ghana | 229 | Rainy season | Stratified random | Bagged/sachet water (86.0) | |
| Kisumu, Kenya | 247 | Neither rainy nor dry | Simple random | Surface water (17.4) | |
| Lilongwe, Malawi | 302 | Neither rainy nor dry | Cluster random | Standpipe (45.4) | |
| Lagos, Nigeria | 239 | Rainy season | Multistage random | Bagged/sachet water (48.9) | |
| Morogoro, Tanzania | 300 | Rainy season | Cluster random | Standpipe (70.7) | |
| Singida, Tanzania | 564 | Dry season | Purposive | Standpipe (48.7) | |
| Arua, Uganda | 250 | Rainy season | Cluster random | Protected dug well (64.8) | |
| Kampala, Uganda | 246 | Dry season | Purposive | Stand pipe (68.3) | |
| Europe and Central Asia | Dushanbe, Tajikistan | 225 | Dry season | Cluster random | Piped water (58.2) |
| Latin America and the Caribbean | San Borja | 247 | Dry season | Simple random | Standpipe (41.6) |
| Ceará, Brazil | 254 | Neither rainy nor dry | Cluster random | Piped water (59.5) | |
| Cartagena, Colombia | 266 | Dry season | Simple random | Piped water (46.2) | |
| Honda, Colombia | 196 | Rainy season | Cluster random | Piped water (74.5) | |
| Acatenango, Guatemala | 101 | Dry season | Cluster random | Piped water (38.4) | |
| Chiquimula, Guatemala | 314 | Dry season | Systematic random | Bottled water (70.2) | |
| Gressier, Haiti | 292 | Dry season | Cluster random | Piped water (65.0) | |
| Mérida, Mexico | 250 | Dry season | Cluster random | Bottled water (50.0) | |
| Torreón, Mexico | 249 | Dry season | Stratified cluster random | Bottled water (70.2) | |
| Middle East | Beirut, Lebanon | 574 | Rainy season | Cluster random | Small water vendor (54.5) |
| Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran | 306 | Dry season | stratified random | Small water vendor (48.0) | |
| South Asia | Labuan Bajo, Indonesia | 279 | Dry season | Simple random | Bottled water (36.9) |
| Kathmandu, Nepal | 263 | Rainy season | Cluster random | Bottled water (49.8) | |
| Punjab, Pakistan | 235 | Dry season | Cluster random | Standpipe (26.6) | |
| Pune, India | 180 | Across multiple | Parallel assignment, nonrandom | Piped water (89.4) | |
| Rajasthan, India | 248 | Dry season | Stratified random | Tanker truck (55.2) |
Note: For more detailed information on the study sites, see Young et al. (2018).