. 2023 Feb 21;131(2):027008. doi: 10.1289/EHP11347

Table 3.

Association between air pollution and incidence of type 2 diabetes by sociodemographic factors.

	n cases	$particulate matter begin subscript 2.5 end subscript$ (per $5 micrograms per meter cubed$ )		UFP (per $10000 particles per centimeter cubed$ )		Elemental carbon (per $1 microgram per meter cubed$ )		$N O_{2}$ (per $10 micrograms per meter cubed$ )
	n cases	Cox model HR (95% CI)^a	Aalen model Rate (per 100,000 py) difference (95% CI)^a^,^b	Cox model HR (95% CI)^a	Aalen model Rate (per 100,000 py) difference (95% CI)^a^,^b	Cox model HR (95% CI)^a	Aalen model Rate (per 100,000 py) difference (95% CI)^a^,^b	Cox model HR (95% CI)^a	Aalen model Rate (per 100,000 py) difference (95% CI)^a^,^b
All	113,985	1.17 (1.13, 1.21)	123 (96, 150)	1.16 (1.13, 1.19)	124 (104, 144)	1.10 (1.08, 1.12)	102 (80, 124)	1.10 (1.08, 1.11)	73 (62, 85)
Sex
Men	65,245	1.23 (1.18, 1.28)	198 (165, 232)	1.22 (1.19, 1.26)	210 (183, 279)	1.12 (1.10, 1.15)	183 (147, 220)	1.13 (1.11, 1.15)	119 (104, 134)
Women	48,740	1.09 (1.04, 1.14)	51 (23, 79)	1.07 (1.04, 1.11)	47 (25, 69)	1.03 (1.00, 1.07)	26 (2, 49)	1.06 (1.04, 1.08)	37 (26, 49)
Education
Short	49,162	1.12 (1.07, 1.17)	96 (58, 133)	1.12 (1.08, 1.16)	121 (90, 152)	1.07 (1.04, 1.10)	101 (66, 136)	1.08 (1.06, 1.10)	75 (57, 92)
Medium	50,992	1.24 (1.19, 1.30)	169 (138, 199)	1.23 (1.19, 1.27)	172 (147, 196)	1.12 (1.10, 1.15)	147 (113, 181)	1.14 (1.12, 1.16)	103 (90, 117)
Long	13,831	1.10 (1.02, 1.19)	48 (12, 84)	1.05 (0.99, 1.11)	16 ( $negative 12, 44$ )	0.98 (0.92, 1.06)	$negative 25$ ( $negative 58, 8$ )	1.04 (1.01, 1.07)	14 ( $negative 1 29$ )
Disposable income
Quintile 1 (low)	41,633	1.12 (1.07, 1.17)	71 (30, 112)	1.11 (1.07, 1.15)	89 (56, 122)	1.05 (1.02, 1.09)	59 (23, 96)	1.07 (1.05, 1.09)	56 (38, 75)
Quintile 2–4	60,530	1.20 (1.15, 1.25)	140 (111, 170)	1.20 (1.16, 1.23)	147 (122, 171)	1.13 (1.11, 1.16)	141 (109, 173)	1.13 (1.11, 1.15)	90 (77, 103)
Quintile 5 (high)	11,822	1.23 (1.14, 1.33)	141 (103, 179)	1.15 (1.08, 1.22)	93 (63, 122)	1.06 (0.99, 1.13)	54 (18, 88)	1.08 (1.04, 1.11)	51 (35, 67)
Occupation
White-collar	14,107	1.27 (1.18, 1.36)	194 (157, 231)	1.19 (1.12, 1.25)	138 (109, 167)	1.15 (1.09, 1.21)	141 (106, 175)	1.12 (1.09, 1.15)	78 (62, 94)
Blue-collar	21,423	1.20 (1.13, 1.27)	199 (161, 236)	1.26 (1.21, 1.32)	209 (177, 240)	1.15 (1.11, 1.19)	206 (171, 242)	1.16 (1.14, 1.19)	122 (105, 139)
Cohabiting status
Cohabiting	78,945	1.22 (1.17, 1.26)	141 (113, 168)	1.20 (1.17, 1.24)	145 (123, 167)	1.11 (1.09, 1.14)	126 (100, 152)	1.14 (1.13, 1.16)	101 (89, 113)
Living alone	35,040	1.08 (1.03, 1.13)	67 (29, 105)	1.07 (1.04, 1.11)	70 (40, 101)	1.03 (0.99, 1.07)	45 (6, 84)	1.04 (1.02, 1.06)	27 (12, 43)

Note: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; py, person-years: .

^{^a}

Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, calendar year, education, cohabiting status, personal income, country of birth, and area-level percentage of population with only basic education, with non-Western background, and with criminal record.

^{^b}

Risk estimates calculated in Aalen additive hazard model is given as a rate difference per 100,000 py.