Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants.
| Sham (n=19) | Active (n=18) | Statistics | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean (SD) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % | t-value or χ2 (df), p-value | |
| Sex Male Female |
7 12 |
28.6 71.4 |
8 10 |
44.4 63.6 |
χ2(1) = 0.22, p = 0.637 |
| Race Asian Black/African-American White Other |
1 2 16 0 |
5.3% 10.5% 84.2% 0% |
1 1 15 1 |
5.6% 5.6% 83.3% 5.6% |
χ2(3) =1.33, p = 0.720 |
| Ethnicity Hispanic/Latino Not Hispanic/Latino |
0 19 |
0% 100% |
1 17 |
5.6% 94.4% |
χ2(1) =1.08, p = 0.298 |
| Age | 19 | 76.2 (6.8) | 18 | 70.1 (8.1) | t (35) =−2.47, p = 0.0187 |
| Education (years) | 12 | 16.4 (2.2) | 14 | 17.1 (4.08) | t (24) = 0.50, p = 0.6242 |
| Depression | |||||
| Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) | 19 | 19.2 (4.2) | 18 | 23.6 (4.7) | t (35) = 2.99, p = 0.0051 |
| Hearing | |||||
| Pure Tone Average (PTA) | 19 | 44.4 (7.7) | 18 | 41.1 (8.1) | t (35) = −1.30, p = 0.203 |
| Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) | 19 | 35.5 (12.8) | 17 | 32.9 (10.2) | t (34) = −0.67, p = 0.510 |
| Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening Version (HHIE-S) | 19 | 30.6 (7.4) | 11 | 30.1 (7.6) | t (35)= −0.21, p = 0.834 |
| Cognition | |||||
| Mini Mental State Examination | 19 | 28.2 (1.3) | 18 | 28.9 (1.4) | t (35) = 1.64, p = 0.110 |
| Immediate Memory | 19 | 99.1 (16.8) | 16 | 105.3 (16.3) | t (33) = 1.09, p = 0.282 |
| Delayed Memory | 19 | 94.6 (17.0) | 16 | 107.9 (8.4) | t (33) = 2.83, p = 0.0078 |
| Attention | 19 | 103.2 (18.9) | 16 | 109.0 (12.5) | t (33) = 1.06, p = 0.299 |
| Language | 19 | 102.4 (13.6) | 16 | 104.3 (17.7) | t (33) = 0.36, p = 0.725 |
| Visuospatial/Constructional | 19 | 89.9 (16.6) | 16 | 95.8 (7.9) | t (33) = 1.29, p = 0.205 |
| Physical | |||||
| Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) | 19 | 8.6 (3.0) | 18 | 9.8 (2.2) | t (35) = 1.39, p = 0.174 |