Table 3. Factors associated with DBS coverage (mixed-effects logistic regression).
| N | N (%) with DBS | Crude OR (95% CI) | P | Adj. OR (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Timepoint | <0.001 | |||||
| 6 months | 537 | 401 (74.7) | 1 | |||
| 12 months | 493 | 414 (84.0) | 1.95 (1.37–2.78) | |||
| 24 months | 445 | 369 (82.9) | 1.68 (1.17–2.42) | |||
| Time since DBS availability | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤9 months | 191 | 111 (58.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 10–18 months | 735 | 613 (83.4) | 4.07 (2.64–6.27) | 3.05 (2.01–4.64) | ||
| >19 months | 549 | 460 (83.8) | 4.09 (2.61–6.41) | 3.05 (1.97–4.71) | ||
| PWID | 0.63 | 0.72 | ||||
| No | 830 | 661 (79.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 645 | 523 (81.1) | 1.10 (0.74–1.64) | 0.94 (0.66–1.34) | ||
| Gender | 0.11 | |||||
| Male | 1069 | 846 (79.1) | 1 | |||
| Female | 406 | 338 (83.2) | 1.45 (0.92–2.27) | |||
| Age at ART initiation (years) | 0.51 | |||||
| ≤29 | 481 | 384 (79.8) | 1.14 (0.73–1.79) | |||
| 30–39 | 638 | 504 (79.0) | 1 | |||
| 40–59 | 296 | 244 (82.4) | 1.36 (0.80–2.33) | |||
| ≥50 | 60 | 52 (86.7) | 1.93 (0.65–5.70) | |||
| Current WHO stage | 0.031 | <0.001 | ||||
| 1–2 | 1398 | 1127 (80.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3 | 59 | 47 (79.7) | 0.79 (0.34–1.82) | 0.55 (0.24–1.24) | ||
| 4 | 18 | 10 (55.6) | 0.17 (0.04–0.64) | 0.08 (0.02–0.31) | ||
| Current BMI level | 0.39 | |||||
| <17.5 | 116 | 91 (78.4) | 0.78 (0.40–1.54) | |||
| 17.5–20.0 | 495 | 389 (78.6) | 0.77 (0.53–1.14) | |||
| 20.0–25.0 | 830 | 680 (81.9) | 1 | |||
| ≥25.0 | 34 | 24 (70.6) | 0.48 (0.15–1.51) | |||
| Rural care setting | 0.11 | 0.025 | ||||
| No | 592 | 490 (82.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 883 | 694 (78.6) | 0.72 (0.48–1.07) | 0.64 (0.44–0.95) | ||
| Kinh ethnicity | 0.74 | |||||
| No | 866 | 703 (81.2) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 530 | 417 (78.7) | 0.85 (0.56–1.29) | |||
| Unknown | 79 | 64 (81.0) | 1.02 (0.42–2.50) | |||
| Late visit attendance by 7 days1 | 0.045 | 0.052 | ||||
| No | 1286 | 1047 (81.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 189 | 137 (72.5) | 0.63 (0.40–0.99) | 0.65 (0.42–1.00) | ||
| Self-reported non adherence2 | 0.64 | |||||
| No | 1334 | 1069 (80.1) | 1 | |||
| yes | 141 | 115 (81.6) | 0.87 (0.49–1.56) | |||
| Province | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Lai Chau | 135 | 119 (88.1) | 0.20 (0.07–0.58) | 0.24 (0.08–0.74) | ||
| Lao Cai | 127 | 105 (82.7) | 0.12 (0.04–0.35) | 0.13 (0.04–0.39) | ||
| Phu Tho | 202 | 196 (97.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Thai Nguyen | 183 | 167 (91.3) | 0.30 (0.10–0.87) | 0.24 (0.08–0.73) | ||
| Thanh Hoa | 609 | 405 (66.5) | 0.04 (0.02–0.11) | 0.04 (0.02–0.11) | ||
| Yen Bai | 219 | 192 (87.7) | 0.19 (0.07–0.53) | 0.20 (0.07–0.58) |
DBS: dried blood spot; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; PWID: people who inject drugs; ART: antiretroviral therapy; WHO: World Health Organization; BMI: body mass index
1Being late by at least seven days or more within the last 3 months preceding the evaluation time.
2Reporting having missed at least one dose of ART within the 4 days preceding the clinical visits on at least one occasion within the last 3 months preceding the evaluation time.