Table 4. Factors associated with virological failure defined as a viral load ≥1,000 copies/mL (mixed-effects logistic regression model).
| N | Virological failure | Crude OR (95% CI) | P | Adj. OR (95% CI) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Timepoint | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 6 months | 373 | 59 (15.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 12 months | 407 | 58 (14.2) | 0.90 (0.52–1.57) | 0.87 (0.57–1.31) | ||
| 24 months | 364 | 24 (6.6) | 0.24 (0.12–0.49) | 0.35 (0.21–0.60) | ||
| PWID | 0.005 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 630 | 59 (9.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 514 | 82 (15.9) | 3.00 (1.39–6.47) | 1.89 (1.29–2.77) | ||
| Gender | 0.004 | |||||
| Male | 816 | 116 (14.2) | 1 | |||
| Female | 328 | 25 (7.6) | 0.23 (0.08–0.63) | |||
| Age at ART initiation (years) | 0.66 | |||||
| ≤29 | 370 | 40 (10.8) | 0.74 (0.31–1.81) | |||
| 30–39 | 489 | 61 (12.5) | 1 | |||
| 40–49 | 236 | 34 (14.4) | 1.46 (0.55–3.87) | |||
| ≥50 | 49 | 6 (12.2) | 0.92 (0.14–6.13) | |||
| WHO stage | 0.025 | 0.005 | ||||
| 1–2 | 1091 | 128 (11.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3 | 43 | 8 (18.6) | 1.87 (0.45–7.77) | 1.48 (0.61–3.54) | ||
| 4 | 10 | 5 (50.0) | 39.51 (2.45–637.75) | 9.18 (2.35–35.83) | ||
| Current BMI level | 0.49 | |||||
| <17.5 | 90 | 14 (15.6) | 1.83 (0.57–5.84) | |||
| 17.5–20.0 | 377 | 50 (13.3) | 1.41 (0.70–2.86) | |||
| 20.0–25.0 | 652 | 74 (11.3) | 1 | |||
| ≥25.0 | 25 | 3 (12.0) | 3.22 (0.40–25.56) | |||
| Rural care setting | 0.56 | |||||
| No | 469 | 55 (11.7) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 675 | 86 (12.7) | 1.25 (0.58–2.69) | |||
| Kinh ethnicity | 0.64 | |||||
| No | 672 | 88 (13.1) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 410 | 47 (11.5) | 0.86 (0.39–1.90) | |||
| Unknown | 62 | 6 (9.7) | 0.42 (0.07–2.67) | |||
| Distance to care site | 0.21 | |||||
| <10 km | 306 | 31 (10.1) | 1 | |||
| 10 to 30 km | 388 | 56 (14.4) | 1.83 (0.70–4.79) | |||
| >30 km | 292 | 35 (12.0) | 1.16 (0.41–3.29) | |||
| Drug treatment center | 75 | 4 (5.3) | 0.27 (0.03–2.07) | |||
| Unknown | 83 | 15 (18.1) | 2.96 (0.70–12.62) | |||
| Sedentary activity | 0.08 | |||||
| No | 255 | 19 (7.4) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 795 | 104 (13.1) | 2.41 (0.89–6.48) | |||
| Unknown | 94 | 18 (19.5) | 4.94 (1.13–21.57) | |||
| Late visit attendance by 7 days1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 1009 | 106 (10.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 135 | 35 (25.9) | 5.94 (2.67–13.21) | 2.60 (1.60–4.21) | ||
| Self-reported non adherence2 | 0.023 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 1030 | 116 (11.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 114 | 25 (21.9) | 2.66 (1.14–6.22) | 2.69 (1.48–4.90) | ||
| Province | 0.028 | <0.001 | ||||
| Lai Chau | 118 | 16 (13.6) | 2.21 (0.52–9.45) | 2.24 (1.04–4.85) | ||
| Lao Cai | 105 | 15 (14.3) | 2.18 (0.49–9.69) | 1.75 (0.78–3.94) | ||
| Phu Tho | 195 | 17 (8.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Thai Nguyen | 167 | 8 (4.8) | 0.25 (0.05–1.40) | 1.02 (0.40–2.58) | ||
| Thanh Hoa | 370 | 66 (17.8) | 3.02 (0.99–9.27) | 4.18 (2.16–8.08) | ||
| Yen Bai | 189 | 19 (10.0) | 1.05 (0.27–4.05) | 1.98 (0.93–4.23) |
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; PWID: people who inject drugs; ART: antiretroviral therapy; WHO: World Health Organization; BMI: body mass index
1being late by at least seven days or more within the last 3 months preceding the evaluation time.
2Reporting having missed at least one dose of ART within the 4 days preceding the clinical visit on at least one occasion within the last 3 months preceding the evaluation time