Skip to main content
. 2023 Feb 21;18(2):e0281857. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281857

Table 5. Factors associated with DBS availability to confirm virological failure (mixed-effects logistic regression).

N N (%) with DBS Crude OR (95% CI) P
Timepoint <0.001
6 months 53 15 (28.3) 1
12 months 50 36 (72.0) 6.51 (2.76–15.38)
24 months 19 14 (73.7) 7.09 (2.17–23.15)
PWID 0.18
No 50 23 (46.0) 1
Yes 72 42 (58.3) 1.64 (0.79–3.40)
Gender 0.58
Male 98 51 (52.0) 1
Female 24 14 (58.3) 1.29 (0.52–3.18)
Age at ART initiation (years) 0.050
≤29 33 23 (69.7) 3.03 (1.20–7.66)
30–39 51 22 (43.1) 1
40–59 32 15 (46.8) 1.16 (0.48–2.83)
≥50 6 5 (83.1) 6.59 (0.72–60.53)
Current WHO stage 0.82
1–2 111 59 (54.0) 1
3 6 3 (50.0) 0.85 (0.16–4.40)
4 5 2 (40.0) 0.57 (0.10–3.52)
Current BMI level 0.06
<17.5 6 2 (33.3) 0.62 (0.11–3.63)
17.5–20.0 49 32 (65.3) 2.34 (1.11–5.02)
20.0–25.0 65 29 (44.6) 1
≥25.0 2 2 (100.0) Not estimated
Rural care setting 0.24
No 51 24 (47.1) 1
Yes 71 41 (57.7) 1.54 (0.75–3.17)
Kinh ethnicity 0.74
No 78 40 (51.3) 1
Yes 38 21 (55.3) 1.17 (0.54–2.56)
Unknown 6 4 (66.7) 1.90 (0.33–10.99)
Late visit attendance by 7 days1 0.42
No 99 51 (51.5) 1
Yes 23 17 (60.9) 1.46 (0.58–3.69)
Self-reported non adherence2 0.51
No 102 53 (52.0) 1
yes 20 12 (60.0) 1.39 (0.52–3.68)
Province 0.18
Lai Chau 14 9 (64.3) 0.65 (0.13–3.19)
Lao Cai 13 9 (68.2) 0.82 (0.16–4.23)
Phu Tho 15 11 (73.3) 1
Thai Nguyen 8 4 (50.0) 0.36 (0.06–2.20)
Thanh Hoa 58 24 (41.4) 0.26 (0.07–0.90)
Yen Bai 14 8 (57.1) 0.49 (0.10–2.31)

DBS: dried blood spot; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; PWID: people who inject drugs; ART: antiretroviral therapy; WHO: World Health Organization; BMI: body mass index

1being late by at least seven days or more within the last 3 months preceding the evaluation time.

2Reporting having missed at least one dose of ART within the 4 days preceding the clinical visit on at least one occasion within the last 3 months preceding the evaluation time