Table 5. Factors associated with DBS availability to confirm virological failure (mixed-effects logistic regression).
N | N (%) with DBS | Crude OR (95% CI) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Timepoint | <0.001 | |||
6 months | 53 | 15 (28.3) | 1 | |
12 months | 50 | 36 (72.0) | 6.51 (2.76–15.38) | |
24 months | 19 | 14 (73.7) | 7.09 (2.17–23.15) | |
PWID | 0.18 | |||
No | 50 | 23 (46.0) | 1 | |
Yes | 72 | 42 (58.3) | 1.64 (0.79–3.40) | |
Gender | 0.58 | |||
Male | 98 | 51 (52.0) | 1 | |
Female | 24 | 14 (58.3) | 1.29 (0.52–3.18) | |
Age at ART initiation (years) | 0.050 | |||
≤29 | 33 | 23 (69.7) | 3.03 (1.20–7.66) | |
30–39 | 51 | 22 (43.1) | 1 | |
40–59 | 32 | 15 (46.8) | 1.16 (0.48–2.83) | |
≥50 | 6 | 5 (83.1) | 6.59 (0.72–60.53) | |
Current WHO stage | 0.82 | |||
1–2 | 111 | 59 (54.0) | 1 | |
3 | 6 | 3 (50.0) | 0.85 (0.16–4.40) | |
4 | 5 | 2 (40.0) | 0.57 (0.10–3.52) | |
Current BMI level | 0.06 | |||
<17.5 | 6 | 2 (33.3) | 0.62 (0.11–3.63) | |
17.5–20.0 | 49 | 32 (65.3) | 2.34 (1.11–5.02) | |
20.0–25.0 | 65 | 29 (44.6) | 1 | |
≥25.0 | 2 | 2 (100.0) | Not estimated | |
Rural care setting | 0.24 | |||
No | 51 | 24 (47.1) | 1 | |
Yes | 71 | 41 (57.7) | 1.54 (0.75–3.17) | |
Kinh ethnicity | 0.74 | |||
No | 78 | 40 (51.3) | 1 | |
Yes | 38 | 21 (55.3) | 1.17 (0.54–2.56) | |
Unknown | 6 | 4 (66.7) | 1.90 (0.33–10.99) | |
Late visit attendance by 7 days1 | 0.42 | |||
No | 99 | 51 (51.5) | 1 | |
Yes | 23 | 17 (60.9) | 1.46 (0.58–3.69) | |
Self-reported non adherence2 | 0.51 | |||
No | 102 | 53 (52.0) | 1 | |
yes | 20 | 12 (60.0) | 1.39 (0.52–3.68) | |
Province | 0.18 | |||
Lai Chau | 14 | 9 (64.3) | 0.65 (0.13–3.19) | |
Lao Cai | 13 | 9 (68.2) | 0.82 (0.16–4.23) | |
Phu Tho | 15 | 11 (73.3) | 1 | |
Thai Nguyen | 8 | 4 (50.0) | 0.36 (0.06–2.20) | |
Thanh Hoa | 58 | 24 (41.4) | 0.26 (0.07–0.90) | |
Yen Bai | 14 | 8 (57.1) | 0.49 (0.10–2.31) |
DBS: dried blood spot; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; PWID: people who inject drugs; ART: antiretroviral therapy; WHO: World Health Organization; BMI: body mass index
1being late by at least seven days or more within the last 3 months preceding the evaluation time.
2Reporting having missed at least one dose of ART within the 4 days preceding the clinical visit on at least one occasion within the last 3 months preceding the evaluation time