Figure 3.

Tissue engineering and therapeutic technologies enabled by MXenes. (a) Representative newly generated neurons cultured on Ti₃C₂T_x flakes. (b) Average length of neurites for new neurons cultured on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) and Ti₃C₂T_x. ** p < 0.01. (a, b) Adapted with permission from Reference 53. (c) Printed Ti₃C₂T_x on PEG hydrogel with a square (81 mm²) pattern. The inset presents patterned-induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes on 3D printed Ti₃C₂T_x-PEG hydrogel after seven days in culture (reproduced with permission from Reference 56). (d) Schematic illustrating 3D Ti₃C₂T_x MXene–Matrigel with electroacoustic stimulation for enhanced growth of spiral ganglion neurons (reproduced with permission from Reference 57). (e) Schematic representation of in vitro immunomodulatory model (reproduced with permission from Reference 61). (f) Schematics of Ti₃C₂T_x flakes as adsorbents for urea in dialysate. (g) Urea removal efficiency (%) from dialysate using different mass loadings of Ti₃C₂T_x. (f, g) Reproduced with permission from Reference 68. (h) Schematics of a proof-of-concept design for Ti₃C₂T_x adjustable focus lens. (i) (Top) Schematic of Ti₃C₂T_x spin-cast onto an acrylate intraocular lens (IOL); (bottom) optical power measurement on three different lens powers before and after coating with Ti₃C₂T_x (n = 5). Inset is an optical image of spin-coated IOL. (h, i) Reproduced with permission from Reference 69.