Table 2.
The Association Between Positive Social Support From Different Sources and Risk for Elder Mistreatmenta
| Variable | Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | Model E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.99 (0.97–1.00)* | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.98 (0.98–1.00)** |
| Female sex | 1.10 (0.90–1.34) | 1.37 (1.11–1.69)** | 1.45 (1.16–1.81)*** | 1.28 (1.02–1.61)* | 1.26 (1.00–1.58)** |
| Education | 1.12 (1.09–1.14)*** | 1.45 (1.16–1.81)*** | 1.05 (1.02–1.08)*** | 1.05 (1.02–1.08)*** | |
| Income | 0.99 (0.92–1.08) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | |
| Married | 1.29 (0.98–1.69) | 1.29 (0.98–1.70) | 1.23 (0.98–1.71) | ||
| Living arrangement | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | ||
| No. of children alive | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | ||
| Years in the United States | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | |||
| Years in the community | 0.99 (0.97–1.00)* | 0.99 (0.98–1.00)* | |||
| Language preference | 0.39 (0.30–0.52)*** | 0.39 (0.29–0.51)*** | |||
| Medical conditions | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | ||||
| Positive social support | 0.88 (0.85–0.91) *** | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) *** | 0.88 (0.84–0.91) *** | 0.88 (0.84–0.91) *** | 0.88 (0.85–0.91) *** |
| Age | 0.98 (0.97–1.00)* | 0.99 (0.97–1.00)* | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) |
| Female sex | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | 1.15 (0.92–1.43) | 1.26 (1.01–1.57)* | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) | 1.09 (0.86–1.37) |
| Education | 1.11 (1.09–1.14)*** | 1.10 (1.08–1.13)*** | 1.05 (1.02–1.08)** | 1.04 (1.02–1.07)** | |
| Income | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | |
| Married | 2.40 (1.69–3.41)*** | 2.46 (1.72–3.52)*** | 2.47 (1.73–3.54)*** | ||
| Living arrangement | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | ||
| No. of children alive | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | ||
| Years in the United States | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | |||
| Years in the community | 0.99 (0.97–1.00)* | 0.99 (0.97–1.00)* | |||
| Language preference | 0.40 (0.30–0.53)*** | 0.41 (0.31–0.54)*** | |||
| Medical conditions | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | ||||
| Positive social support from spouse | 0.86 (0.81–0.92) *** | 0.83 (0.78–0.88) *** | 0.71 (0.64–0.77) *** | 0.70 (0.64–0.76) *** | 0.70 (0.64–0.77) *** |
| Age | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) |
| Female sex | 1.30 (1.06–1.59)* | 1.59 (1.28–1.96)*** | 1.53 (1.22–1.92)*** | 1.36 (1.08–1.71)** | 1.33 (1.05–1.68)* |
| Education | 1.10 (1.08–1.13)*** | 1.10 (1.07–1.13)*** | 1.05 (1.02–1.08)** | 1.05 (1.02–1.08)** | |
| Income | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | |
| Married | 0.90 (0.70–1.17) | 0.89 (0.69–1.16) | 0.90 (0.69–1.17) | ||
| Living arrangement | 0.99 (0.94–1.06) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | ||
| No. of children alive | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | ||
| Years in the United States | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | |||
| Years in the community | 0.98 (0.98–1.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | |||
| Language preference | 0.42 (0.32–0.56)*** | 0.43 (0.32–0.57)*** | |||
| Medical conditions | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | ||||
| Positive social support from family members | 0.72 (0.67–0.78) *** | 0.72 (0.66–0.77) *** | 0.72 (0.67–0.78) *** | 0.73 (0.67–0.79) *** | 0.73 (0.68–0.79) *** |
| Age | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00)* |
| Female sex | 1.15 (0.94–1.41) | 1.44 (1.16–1.77)*** | 1.37 (1.09–1.71)** | 1.23 (0.98–1.54) | 1.20 (0.95–1.51) |
| Education | 1.10 (1.08–1.13)*** | 1.10 (1.07–1.12)*** | 1.04 (1.01–1.07)** | 1.04 (1.01–1.07)** | |
| Income | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | |
| Married | 0.87 (0.68–1.13) | 0.87 (0.67–1.13) | 0.88 (0.68–1.14) | ||
| Living arrangement | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | ||
| No. of children alive | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | ||
| Years in the United States | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | |||
| Years in the community | 0.99 (0.97–1.00)* | 0.99 (0.97–1.00)* | |||
| Language preference | 0.39 (0.30–0.52)*** | 0.40 (0.30–0.53)*** | |||
| Medical conditions | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | ||||
| Positive social support from friends | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.94 (0.89–1.01) | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) |
a
Data are given as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
Sex: 1 = female, 0 = male; marital status: 1 = married, 0 = other (separated, divorced, widowed, never married); living arrangement = number of people who live in the household; language preference: 1 = Cantonese, Taishanese, 0 = Mandarin, English; and medical conditions = sum of nine self-reported disease conditions, including heart disease, stroke or brain hemorrhage, high blood sugar or diabetes, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, a broken or fractured hip, thyroid diseases, and osteoarthritis, inflammation, or problems with joints (scores range from 0–9).
*
P < .05,
**
P < .01,
***
P < .001.