. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 21.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Aug;67(Suppl 3):S499–S505. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15789

Table 3.

The Association Between Negative Social Support From Different Sources and Elder Mistreatment^a

Variable	Model A	Model B	Model C	Model D	Model E
Age	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	0.98 (0.97–1.00)
Female sex	1.38 (1.12–1.70)^**	1.60 (1.29–2.00)^***	1.42 (1.13–1.79)^**	1.27 (1.01–1.61)^*	1.24 (0.98–1.57)
Education		1.08 (1.06–1.106)^***	1.08 (1.06–1.11)^***	1.03 (1.01–1.06)^*	1.03 (1.00–1.06)^*
Income		1.00 (0.92–1.09)	0.99 (0.91–1.07)	0.99 (0.91–1.08)	1.00 (0.91–1.09)
Married			0.66 (0.50–0.86)^**	0.66 (0.50–0.87)^**	0.66 (0.51–0.87)^**
Living arrangement			0.96 (0.90–1.02)	0.96 (0.90–1.02)	0.96 (0.90–1.02)
No. of children alive			0.96 (0.88–1.04)	0.97 (0.90–1.06)	0.97 (0.89–1.05)
Years in the United States				1.01 (1.00–1.02)	1.01 (1.00–1.02)
Years in the community				0.98 (0.97–1.00)^**	0.98 (0.97–1.00)^**
Language preference				0.46 (0.34–0.61)^***	0.44 (0.33–0.59)^***
Medical conditions					1.07 (0.99–1.15)
Negative social support	1.54 (1.44–1.64) ^***	1.49 (1.40–1.59) ^***	1.53 (1.43–1.63) ^***	1.50 (1.41–1.61) ^***	1.51 (1.41–1.61) ^***
Age	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	0.98 (0.97–1.00)^*
Female sex	1.44 (1.16–1.78)^***	1.67 (1.34–2.08)^***	1.45 (1.15–1.83)^**	1.30 (1.02–1.64)^*	1.27 (1.00–1.61)
Education		1.08 (1.06–1.10)^***	1.08 (1.05–1.10)^***	1.03 (1.00–1.06)^*	1.03 (1.00–1.06)^*
Income		1.00 (0.92–1.09)	0.99 (0.91–1.07)	0.99 (0.90–1.08)	0.99 (0.90–1.09)
Married			0.57 (0.43–0.75)^***	0.58 (0.44–0.77)^***	0.58 (0.44–0.77)^***
Living arrangement			0.97 (0.91–1.03)	0.97 (0.91–1.03)	0.97 (0.91–1.04)
No. of children alive			0.94 (0.87–1.02)	0.96 (0.88–1.04)	0.96 (0.88–1.04)
Years in the United States				1.01 (1.00–1.02)^*	1.01 (1.00–1.02)^*
Years in the community				0.98 (0.97–1.00)^*	0.98 (0.97–1.00)^*
Language preference				0.45 (0.34–0.60)^***	0.45 (0.34–0.60)^***
Medical conditions					1.07 (1.00–1.15)
Negative social support from spouse	1.89 (1.70–2.10) ^***	1.76 (1.58–1.96) ^***	1.90 (1.69–2.13) ^***	1.84 (1.64–2.06) ^***	1.84 (1.64–2.07) ^***
Age	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	0.98 (0.97–1.00)^*
Female sex	1.17 (0.95–1.43)	1.40 (1.13–1.73)^**	1.31 (1.05–1.65)^*	1.17 (0.93–1.47)	1.14 (0.90–1.44)
Education		1.10 (1.07–1.12)^***	1.09 (1.07–1.12)^***	1.04 (1.01–1.07)^*	1.04 (1.01–1.07)^*
Income		1.00 (0.92–1.08)	0.99 (0.91–1.08)	1.00 (0.91–1.09)	1.00 (0.92–1.09)
Married			0.86 (0.66–1.12)	0.86 (0.66–1.12)	0.86 (0.66–1.13)
Living arrangement			0.96 (0.90–1.02)	0.95 (0.89–1.02)	0.96 (0.90–1.02)
No. of children alive			0.95 (0.88–1.03)	0.97 (0.89–1.06)	0.97 (0.89–1.06)
Years in the United States				1.01 (1.00–1.02)^*	1.01 (1.00–1.02)^*
Years in the community				0.98 (0.97–1.00)^**	0.98 (0.97–1.00)^**
Language preference				0.41 (0.31–0.55)^***	0.41 (0.31–0.55)^***
Medical conditions					1.07 (1.00–1.15)
Negative social support from family members	2.33 (2.02–2.69) ^***	2.28 (1.96–2.64) ^***	2.30 (1.98–2.67) ^***	2.35 (2.02–2.74) ^***	2.36 (2.03–2.75) ^***
Age	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	1.00 (0.97–1.00)	0.99 (0.97–1.00)
Female sex	1.16 (0.95–1.42)	1.41 (1.14–1.74)^***	1.34 (1.08–1.68)^**	1.20 (0.96–1.51)	1.18 (0.94–1.48)
Education		1.10 (1.08–1.12)^***	1.09 (1.07–1.12)^***	1.04 (1.01–1.07)^**	1.04 (1.01–1.07)^**
Income		0.99 (0.91–1.07)	0.98 (0.90–1.06)	0.99 (0.91–1.08)	0.99 (0.91–1.08)
Married			0.88 (0.68–1.13)	0.88 (0.68–1.13)	0.88 (0.68–1.14)
Living arrangement			0.97 (0.92–1.03)	0.97 (0.91–1.03)	0.97 (0.92–1.04)
No. of children alive			0.95 (0.88–1.03)	0.98 (0.90–1.06)	0.98 (0.90–1.06)
Years in the United States				1.01 (1.00–1.02)	1.01 (1.00–1.02)
Years in the community				0.99 (0.97–1.00)^*	0.99 (0.97–1.00)^*
Language preference				0.42 (0.31–0.55)^***	0.42 (0.32–0.55)^***
Medical conditions					1.07 (0.99–1.14)
Negative social support from friends	1.83 (1.45–2.32) ^***	1.81 (1.43–2.31) ^***	1.77 (1.39–2.25) ^***	1.69 (1.32–2.16) ^***	1.69 (1.32–2.17) ^***

Data are given as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

Sex: 1 = female, 0 = male; marital status: 1 = married, 0 = other (separated, divorced, widowed, never married); living arrangement = number of people who live in the household; language preference: 1 = Cantonese, Taishanese, 0 = Mandarin, English; and medical conditions = sum of nine self-reported disease conditions, including heart disease, stroke or brain hemorrhage, high blood sugar or diabetes, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, a broken or fractured hip, thyroid diseases, and osteoarthritis, inflammation, or problems with joints (scores range from 0–9).

P < .05,

^**

P < .01,

^***

P < .001.