Figure 2. Signaling pathways at the interplay between CM proliferation and maturation.

CM schematic showing the activation of signaling pathway from extracellular signals to cytoplasmic intermediates and nuclear effectors, including the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, noncanonical Wnt-YAP1 signaling pathway, crosstalk between PI3K/AKT and Wnt signaling pathway, interplay between MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, Hoxb13-Meis1-calcineurin signaling, and thyroid hormone (T₃) signaling with noncanonical MAPK activation. Abbreviations: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-5/6 (LRP-5/6), Adenomatosis Polyposis Coli (APC), Frizzled (Fz), Dishevelled (DVL), Casein Kinase-1 (CK1), Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF), Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator (YAP1), Transcriptional enhanced associate domain (TEAD), Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTKs), Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), Cyclin Dependent Kinase-4/6 (CDK4/6), Mitogen Activated Protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6), Rat Sarcoma Virus (RAS), Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma (RAF), Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), Extracellular Signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), Transcription Factor (TF), L-Type Calcium Channel (LTCC), Calmodulin (CaM), Calcineurin A (CnA), Calcineurin B (CnB), Homeobox protein Hox-B13 (Hoxb13), Homeobox protein Meis1 (Meis1), Monocarboxylate transporter 8/10 (MCT8/10), Thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T₃), Thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα), Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase-2 (JNK2α2).