Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants by Years in the United States.
| 0–10 (n = 840) |
11–20 (n = 969) |
21–30 (n = 767) |
31 or more (n = 568) |
χ2 | df | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group, numbers (%) | ||||||||||
| 60–64 | 288 (34.3) | 192 (19.8) | 122 (15.9) | 76 (13.4) | ||||||
| 65–69 | 218 (26.0) | 211 (21.8) | 133 (17.3) | 81 (14.3) | ||||||
| 70–74 | 188 (22.4) | 198 (20.4) | 139 (18.1) | 80 (20.1) | ||||||
| 75–79 | 100 (11.9) | 204(21.1) | 137 (17.9) | 114 (20.1) | ||||||
| 80–84 | 34 (4.1) | 105 (10.8) | 130 (17.0) | 122 (21.5) | ||||||
| 85 and above | 12 (1.4) | 59 (6.1) | 106 (13.8) | 95 (16.7) | 382.2 | 15 | <.001 | |||
| Sex, numbers (%) | ||||||||||
| Male | 378 (45.0) | 391 (40.4) | 300 (39.1) | 225 (39.6) | ||||||
| Female | 462 (55.0) | 578 (59.7) | 467 (60.9) | 343 (60.4) | 7.3 | 3 | .06 | |||
| Education level, numbers (%) | ||||||||||
| 0 year | 38 (4.5) | 68 (7.1) | 58 (7.6) | 28 (4.9) | ||||||
| 1–6 years | 268 (32.0) | 375 (39.0) | 312 (41.0) | 219 (38.6) | ||||||
| 7–12 years | 297 (35.5) | 323 (33.6) | 263 (34.6) | 216 (38.0) | ||||||
| 13–16 years | 208 (24.9) | 178 (18.5) | 111 (14.6) | 78 (13.7) | ||||||
| 17 and above | 26 (3.1) | 17 (1.8) | 17 (2.2) | 27 (4.8) | 65.3 | 12 | <.001 | |||
| Income in US$, numbers (%) | ||||||||||
| 0–4,999 | 485 (58.2) | 316 (33.2) | 164 (21.6) | 71 (12.6) | ||||||
| 5,000–9,999 | 242 (29.1) | 547 (57.5) | 497 (65.3) | 324 (57.5) | ||||||
| 10,000–14,999 | 74 (8.9) | 64 (6.7) | 68 (8.9) | 103 (18.3) | ||||||
| 15,000–19,999 | 23 (2.8) | 13 (1.4) | 13 (1.7) | 19 (3.4) | ||||||
| Above 20,000 | 9 (1.9) | 12 (1.3) | 19 (2.5) | 47 (8.3) | 517.3 | 12 | <.001 | |||
| Marital status, numbers (%) | ||||||||||
| Married | 705 (84.1) | 692 (71.8) | 516 (67.6) | 319 (57.1) | ||||||
| Divorced | 13 (1.6) | 25 (2.6) | 19 (2.5) | 17 (3.0) | ||||||
| Separated | 11 (1.3) | 22(2.3) | 11 (1.4) | 12 (2.2) | ||||||
| Widowed | 109 (13.0) | 225 (23.3) | 217 (28.4) | 211 (37.8) | 134.5 | 9 | <.001 | |||
| Number of sons (%) | ||||||||||
| 0 | 222 (26.4) | 182 (18.8) | 108 (14.1) | 111 (19.7) | ||||||
| 1–2 | 571 (68.0) | 687 (71.1) | 522 (68.2) | 367 (65.0) | ||||||
| More than 3 | 47 (5.6) | 97 (10.0) | 135 (17.7) | 87 (15.4) | 92.4 | 6 | <.001 | |||
| Number of daughters (%) | ||||||||||
| 0 | 153 (18.2) | 175 (18.1) | 154 (20.1) | 125 (22.1) | ||||||
| 1–2 | 571 (68.0) | 611 (63.3) | 458 (59.9) | 335 (59.2) | ||||||
| More than 3 | 116 (13.8) | 180 (18.6) | 153 (20.0) | 106 (18.7) | 19.8 | 6 | <.01 | |||
| Number of grandchildren (%) | ||||||||||
| 0 | 93 (11.1) | 96 (10.0) | 69 (9.0) | 99 (17.7) | ||||||
| 1–2 | 240 (28.6) | 189 (19.7) | 122 (16.0) | 104 (18.5) | ||||||
| 3–4 | 295 (35.1) | 263 (27.5) | 156 (20.5) | 107 (19.1) | ||||||
| More than 5 | 212 (25.2) | 410 (42.8) | 416 (54.5) | 251 (44.7) | 192.3 | 9 | <.001 | |||
| Living arrangement, numbers (%) | ||||||||||
| Alone | 76 (9.1) | 203 (21.0) | 198 (25.8) | 196 (34.5) | ||||||
| With 1 person | 320 (38.1) | 384 (39.6) | 348 (45.4) | 261 (46.0) | ||||||
| With 2–4 persons | 252 (30.0) | 247 (25.5) | 149 (19.4) | 93 (16.4) | ||||||
| With 5 or more persons | 191 (22.8) | 135 (13.9) | 72 (9.4) | 18 (3.2) | 265.2 | 9 | <.001 | |||
| Overall health status, numbers (%) | ||||||||||
| Very good | 48 (5.7) | 41 (4.2) | 18 (2.3) | 32 (5.6) | ||||||
| Good | 296 (35.2) | 301 (31.1) | 256 (33.4) | 236 (41.5) | ||||||
| Fair | 352 (41.9) | 448 (46.2) | 317 (41.3) | 201 (35.4) | ||||||
| Poor | 144 (17.1) | 179 (18.5) | 176 (22.9) | 99 (17.4) | 43.3 | 9 | <.001 | |||
| Quality of life, numbers (%) | ||||||||||
| Very good | 74(8.8) | 60(6.2) | 39 (5.1) | 42 (7.4) | ||||||
| Good | 364(43.3) | 430(44.4) | 311(40.5) | 268 (47.3) | ||||||
| Fair | 365(43.5) | 453 (46.7) | 398 (51.9) | 237 (41.8) | ||||||
| Poor | 37(4.4) | 25 (2.6) | 19 (2.5) | 20 (3.5) | 28.1 | 9 | <.001 | |||
| Health changes over the last year, numbers (%) | ||||||||||
| Improved | 81 (9.6) | 86 (8.9) | 65 (8.5) | 44 (7.8) | ||||||
| No change | 432 (51.4) | 448 (46.2) | 354 (46.2) | 295 (52.0) | ||||||
| Worse | 327 (38.9) | 435 (44.9) | 348 (45.4) | 228 (40.2) | 12.3 | 6 | .06 | |||