Table 1.

Summary of psychopathology assessment tools

Scale	Outcome Measured	Possible range	Cut-off	Cut-off Sensitivity, Specificity (%)	Nature of Items	No. of items	Scale	Timescale
Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS)	COVID-associated Anxiety	0–20	≥ 9 [21] Severe COVID-19 Anxiety	90, 85 [21]	Frequency of adverse somatic-anxious responses to COVID-related cognitions	5	5-point Likert- scale; Higher scores, more frequent symptom	Past 2 weeks
Short Health Anxiety Inventory (sHAI) Main Section	Health-Anxiety	0–42	≥ 20 [47, 48] Health Anxiety	Not available	Worried thoughts and feelings about health states	14	4-point Likert- scale; Higher scores, more frequent symptoms	Past week
Patient Health Questionnaire- 9 (PHQ-9)	Depressive Disorder	0–27	≥ 10 [49] Major Depression	88, 85 [49]	Frequency of depressive symptoms	9	4-point Likert- scale; Higher scores, more frequent symptoms	Past 2 weeks
Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (GAD-7)	Generalised Anxiety Disorder	0–21	≥ 10 [50] Generalised Anxiety Disorder	89, 82 [50]	Frequency of anxious thoughts and feelings	7	4-point Likert- scale; Higher scores, more frequent symptoms	Past 2weeks
Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R)	Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms	0–72	≥ 21 [51] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	65.6, 63.4 [51]	Subscales of obsessive and compulsive symptoms	18	5-point Likert- scale; Higher scores, greater agreement	Past month
Standardised Assessment of Personality – Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS)	Personality Disorder	0–8	≥ 4 [52] Personality Disorder	94, 85 [52]	Agreement with personality traits	8	Yes / No	In general
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test for Consumption (AUDIT-C)	Alcohol Misuse	0–12	≥4 in men and ≥ 3 in women [53] Hazardous alcohol use	Men: 86, 89 Women: 73, 91 [53]	Agreement with patterns of hazardous alcohol-use	5	Varies with each item within the scale – 5-severity categories	Varies with each item within the scale
Single-Question Screening Test for Drug Use	Drug Misuse	0–1	≥1 [54] Drug use disorder	100, 73.5 [54]	Frequency of illicit drug use or misuse of prescription medication.	1	Binary; None / once or more than once	Past year
Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS)	Social and occupational function	0–40	≥21 Moderately severe psycho-pathology [33, 40]	–	Severity of impairment in work, home management, social activities, private leisure activities, close relationships.	5	9-point Likert scale; higher scores more impairment	In general
EuroQuol 5 Domains (EQ-5D-3 L UK adjusted index values)	Quality of life	−0.594 - 1	N/A	–	Severity of health-related quality of life in mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain, anxiety/depression.	5	3-point Likert scale; higher scores, greater impact on quality of life	In general